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Text from the OSHA Logging Preamble Text from the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries Logging Standards

WAC 296-54 Safety Standards--Logging Operations

WAC 296-54-45001 Pulpwood logging.

WAC 296-54-501 Scope and application.

WAC 296-54-503 Variance.

WAC 296-54-505 Definitions applicable to this chapter.

WAC 296-54-507 Management's responsibility.

WAC 296-54-509 Employee's responsibility.

WAC 296-54-511 Personal protective equipment.

WAC 296-54-513 Safety educational and first-aid requirements.

WAC 296-54-515 General requirements.

WAC 296-54-517 Camps.

WAC 296-54-519 Transportation of crews by motor vehicle.

WAC 296-54-521 Transportation of crews by use of speeders and trailers.

WAC 296-54-523 Methods of crew transportation other than those specified.

WAC 296-54-525 Railroad construction and maintenance.

WAC 296-54-527 Truck roads.

WAC 296-54-529 Falling and bucking--General.

WAC 296-54-531 Falling and bucking--Power saws and power equipment.

WAC 296-54-533 Falling and bucking--Springboards and tree jacking.

WAC 296-54-535 Tree pulling.

WAC 296-54-537 Mechanized falling.

WAC 296-54-539 Climbing equipment and passline.

WAC 296-54-541 Selection of spar, tail and intermediate trees.

WAC 296-54-543 General requirements.

WAC 296-54-545 Rigging--Wood spar trees.

WAC 296-54-547 Rigging--Tail tree.

WAC 296-54-549 Lines, straps and guyline attachments--Steel spars.

WAC 296-54-551 Yarding, loading and skidding machines--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-553 Yarding, loading and skidding machines--Mobile towers and boom type yarding and loading machines.

WAC 296-54-555 Yarding--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-557 Yarding--Tractors and skidders.

WAC 296-54-559 Yarding--Helicopters and helicopter cranes.

WAC 296-54-561 Log loading--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-563 Log loading--Special requirements.

WAC 296-54-565 Log loading--Self-loading log trucks.

WAC 296-54-567 Motor truck log transportation--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-569 Motor truck log transportation--Brake requirements.

WAC 296-54-571 Motor truck log transportation--Trailer hitches and safety chains.

WAC 296-54-573 Motor truck log transportation--Reaches and bunks.

WAC 296-54-575 Motor truck log transportation--Stakes, stake extensions and chock blocks.

WAC 296-54-577 Motor truck log transportation--Wrappers and binders.

WAC 296-54-579 Motor truck log transportation--Miscellaneous requirements.

WAC 296-54-581 Motor truck log transportation--Steered trailers.

WAC 296-54-583 Stationary log truck trailer loading.

WAC 296-54-585 Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds--Storage and sorting areas--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-587 Water dumps.

WAC 296-54-589 Boom and rafting grounds.

WAC 296-54-591 Boats and mechanical devices on waters.

WAC 296-54-593 Dry land sorting and storage.

WAC 296-54-595 Railroad operations.

WAC 296-54-597 Railroad maintenance--Loading or unloading.

WAC 296-54-599 Truck and equipment maintenance shops.

WAC 296-54-601 Signals and signal systems.

WAC 296-54-603 Electric signal systems.

WAC 296-54-605 Radio systems used for voice communication, activation of audible signals, or equipment.

WAC 296-54-607 Radio signal systems--Specifications and test procedures.

WAC 296-54-99002 Appendix I--Figure 2--High lead yarding system.

WAC 296-54-99003 Appendix I--Figure 3--North Bend yarding system.

WAC 296-54-99004 Appendix I--Figure 4--Slack skyline yarding system.

WAC 296-54-99007 Appendix I--Figure 7--Heel boom loading.

WAC 296-54-99008 Appendix I--Figure 8--Guyline loading.

WAC 296-54-99009 Appendix I--Figure 9--Hayrack boom loading.

WAC 296-54-99010 Appendix I--Figure 10--Spreader bar loading.

Dispositions formally codified in this chapter

WAC 296-54-001 Scope and application. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-001, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-003 Waiver and variance. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-003, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-010 Definitions of terms used in the logging standards for the purpose of this chapter. [Order 76-29, {WAC 296-54-010, filed 9/30/76; Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-010, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/30/62; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-020 Introduction. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-020, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-030 Management's responsibility. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-030, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {I, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-040 Employee's responsibility. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-040, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {II, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-050 through WAC 296-54-125. Safety and first aid. [Rules (part), filed 7/6/61, 3/23/60.] Decodified. See chapter WAC 296-25, General safety standards.

WAC 296-54-051 Safety educational and first aid requirements. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-051, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-052 General requirements. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-052, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-130 Camps. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-130, filed 7/3/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {IV, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-140 Railroad and truck road construction and maintenance--Railroads. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-140, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {V (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-150 Truck roads. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-150, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {V (part), filed 6/2/67, 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-160 Transportation of crews--General requirements. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-160, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {VI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-170 Transportation of crews by use of speeders and trailers. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-170, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {VI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61, 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-180 Transportation of crews by motor vehicles. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-180, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {VI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-185 Methods of crew transportation other than those specified. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-185, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-190 Rigging. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-190, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {VIII, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60; Addendum, filed 3/30/62.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-195 Additional requirements for portable spars and boom type yarding and loading machines. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-195, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-200 Yarding. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-200, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XII, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-202 Yarding--Signal transmission, signaling equipment and related items. [Rules AB-2 through AB-11, effective 1/2/65; Rules L-4, L-5, L-6, L-16, L-22 through L-27, filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Superseded by Rules, filed 6/27/67, effective 7/10/67. See WAC 296-54-350 through WAC 296-54-393.

WAC 296-54-210 Tractor logging. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-210, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XIII, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-215 Canopy guards, barricades, seat belts, screens and other items required for industrial equipment. PS:"Small Notes"> [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-215, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-216 Roll-over protective structures and overhead protection. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-216, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-217 Braking systems for tractors and other mobile equipment. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-217, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-218 Emergency steering. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-218, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-220 Log loading. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-220, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XIV, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-230 Lines, blocks and shackles. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-230, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {IX, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-240 Yarding, loading, and skidding units. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-240, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {X, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-250 New and used boiler or pressure vessels. [Rules (part), filed 7/6/61, 3/23/60.] Superseded by Rules, filed 6/27/67, effective 7/10/67. See WAC 296-54-240(9) and chapter 70.79 RCW.

WAC 296-54-260 Falling--Bucking. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-260, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {VII, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-270 Moving machines. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-270, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XI, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-280 General requirements. [Order 76-29, {WAC 296-54-280, filed 9/30/76; Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-280, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XIX, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-281 Water dumps. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-281, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-282 Boom and rafting grounds. [Order 76-7, {WAC 296-54-282, filed 3/1/76; Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-282, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-284 Dry land sorting and storage. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-284, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-286 Boats and mechanical devices on water. [Order 76-7, {WAC 296-54-286, filed 3/1/76; Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-286, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-290 Electrical logging equipment. [Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-300 Explosives. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-300, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XX, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-310 Railroad operations. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-310, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XVI, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-320 Railroad maintenance, loading or unloading. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-320, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XVII, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-330 Motor truck log transportation. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-330, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XV, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-335 Stationary log truck trailer loading. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-335, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-340 Maintenance shops. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-340, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XVIII, filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-350 Signals and signal systems. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-350, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XXI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-360 Skidder whistle signals. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-360, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XXI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-370 Slackline whistle signals. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-370, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XXI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules (part), filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-380 High lead logging whistle signals. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-380, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XXI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67; Rules AB-1, effective 1/2/65; Rule Z-3, filed 7/6/61; Rules (part), filed 3/23/60.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-390 High lead whistle signal--General whistle signals. [Rules (part), filed 7/6/61, 3/23/60.] Superseded by Rules, filed 6/27/67, effective 7/10/67. For later enactment see WAC 296-54-391 through WAC 296-54-393.

WAC 296-54-391 General requirements for signaling and signal equipment. [Rules, {XXI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67.] Repealed by omission, Order 72-14, filed 7/31/72.

WAC 296-54-392 Electric signal systems. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-392, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XXI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-393 Radio systems used for voice communications, activation of audible signals or equipment. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-393, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72; Rules, {XXI (part), filed 6/2/67, effective 7/10/67.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.

WAC 296-54-39301 Form No. 157--Application for permit to operate radio signal system in designated area. [Order 72-14, Form No. 157 (codified asWAC 296-54-39301), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-399 Special rigging standards. [Rules (part), filed 7/6/61, 3/23/60. Recodified from WAC 296-54-400 to avoid duplication of numbering.] Superseded by Rules, filed 6/27/67, effective 7/10/67. See WAC 296-54-190.

WAC 296-54-400 Radio-signaling systems--Minimum requirements. [Order 72-14, {WAC 296-54-400, filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), filed 9/21/79. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240.WAC 296-54-450 Rules and regulations of the state board of health concerning labor camps. [Rules (part), filed 7/6/61, 3/23/60.] Decodified. See WAC 296-54-130, and chapters WAC 296-26 and 248-60.

WAC 296-54-990 Map. [Order 72-14, Map (codified as WAC 296-54-990), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.WAC 296-54-99001 Appendix I--Figure 1--Rigging up, wrapping a guyline. [Order 72-14, Figure 1 (codified as WAC 296-54-99001), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. WAC 296-54-99005 Appendix I--Figure 5--Standard signals for tractor logging [Order 72-14, Figure 5 (codified as WAC 296-54-99005), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.WAC 296-54-99006 Appendix I--Figure 6--Standard signals for loading logs. [Order 72-14, Figure 6 (codified as WAC 296-54-99006), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.WAC 296-54-99011 Appendix I--Figure 11--Placement and number of binders. [Order 72-14, Figure 11 (codified as WAC 296-54-99011), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.WAC 296-54-99012 Appendix I--Figure 12--Standard signals for high lead logging. [Order 72-14, Figure 12 (codified as WAC 296-54-99012), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.] Repealed by 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

WAC 296-54-45001 Pulpwood logging.

WAC 296-54-45001(1) Application.

WAC 296-54-45001(1)(a) General. This section applies to pulpwood logging operations including, but not limited to the operations of felling, limbing, marking, bucking, loading, skidding, prehauling and other operations associated with the preparation and movement of pulpwood timber from the stump to the point of delivery. The provisions of this section do not apply to logging operations relating to sawlogs, veneer bolts, poles, piling and other forest products.

WAC 296-54-45001(1)(b) Standards incorporated by reference. Standards covering issues of occupational safety and health which are of general application without regard to any specific industry are incorporated by reference in subsections of this section and made applicable to pulpwood logging.

WAC 296-54-45001(2) Definitions applicable to this section.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(a) "Arch" means an extension to rear section of a vehicle used in skidding used to raise the forward part of a load clear of the ground.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(b) "Back cut" means the final cut in a felling operation made on the opposite side from the undercut.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(c) "Backfill" means excavated material used to build up a road higher than the original level.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(d) "Ballistic nylon" means a fabric of high tensile properties designed to provide protection from lacerations.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(e) "Borrow" means road construction material which is taken to another location for use. The source area is called "borrow pit."

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(f) "Buck" means the process of severing a tree into sections (logs or bolts).

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(g) "Choker" means a length of wire rope or chain with a loop or noose at one end used to secure trees or sections of trees for skidding.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(h) "Debark" means the action of removing bark from trees or sections of trees. Debark generally denotes mechanical means as opposed to manual peeling. Synonyms are "bark" and "barking."

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(i) "Fairlead" means an arrangement of horizontal, and sometimes vertical, rollers usually mounted at the end of an arch to allow free play of wire rope during winching.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(j) "Fell" means the process of severing a tree from the stump so that it drops to the ground. Note that "fell" and "feller" are used in this standard. The terms "fall" and "faller" are commonly used in the Western United States and they have the same meaning as "fell" and "feller."

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(k) "Grade" means the slope of a surface such as a roadway. Also, the elevation of a real or planned surface or structure. (See slope.)

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(l) "Guarded" means protected by a cover, shield, rail, or other device, or by location, so as to reduce the probability of injury.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(m) "Guyline" means a line used to stay or support spar trees, booms, etc.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(n) "Landing" means any area where wood is concentrated. It is also called "yard," "deck," "brow."

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(o) "Lodged tree" means a tree that has not fallen to the ground after being partly or wholly separated from its stump or otherwise displaced from its natural position.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(p)" means a device with a head similar to an axe but with a point rather than a blade mounted on the end of a handle which is used to assist in the lifting and placement of bolts of wood.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(q) "Prehaul" means the hauling of forest products by off-the-road vehicles, nonhighway transport, or other movement prior to highway or rail movement, where the pulpwood travels clear of the ground. The term "forward" has the same meaning.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(r) "Pulpwood" means portions of a tree cut into short (normally 4 ft.) lengths to facilitate hand handling. It is intended to be used in the making of pulp rather than any lumber or veneer type finished product.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(s) "Riprap" means rock, metal stripping, or wooden timbers used to contain and stabilize earth embankments and fills.

WAC 296-54-45001(2)(t) "Root wad" means the ball of roots which extends above ground level when a tree is pushed over by wind or other means.

WAC 296-54-45001(3) Additional definitions.

WAC 296-54-45001(3)(a) "Skid" means the movement of bolts, logs, or trees by pulling or towing across the terrain. It may be accomplished by a stationary machine, a moving vehicle, or animal. The term is also called "yarding." The definitive feature is contact between the terrain and the product during movement.

WAC 296-54-45001(3)(b) "Slope" is a term of measurement in percent and means the increase in height over the distance measured. An increase of 1 foot over a distance of 5 feet is expressed as a 20 percent slope (see grade).

WAC 296-54-45001(3)(c) "Snag" means any dead standing tree or portion thereof remaining standing.

WAC 296-54-45001(3)(d) "Spring pole" means a section of tree, sapling, limb, etc., which is, by virtue of its arrangement with relation to other material, under tension.

WAC 296-54-45001(3)(e) "Undercut" means a notch cut in a tree to guide the tree in felling.

WAC 296-54-45001(3)(f) "Widow maker" means an overhanging limb or section of tree which could become dislodged and drop to the ground (see also "lodged tree").

WAC 296-54-45001(3)(g) "Wood hook" and "pulp hook" mean a device to be held in one hand which is fitted with a pointed section. The device is used to assist in the manual piling and handling of bolts of wood (see [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), {WAC 296-54-45001, filed 11/14/88; Order 76-7, {WAC 296-54-45001, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-20, {WAC 296-54-450 (codified as WAC 296-54-45001), filed 5/6/74.]

WAC 296-54-501 Scope and application.

The requirements of this chapter augment those requirements of the general safety standards promulgated by the department of labor and industries, division of industrial safety and health, applicable to this industry, and apply to all persons, firms, corporations or others engaged in logging operations that come within the jurisdiction of the department of labor and industries. The requirements herein contained do not apply to log handling at sawmills, plywood mills, pulp mills or other manufacturing operations governed by their own specific safety standards.

The safety requirements herein contained are not to be construed to imply that other safe work practices, procedures or methods should not be employed where such methods, means or practices may be required to prevent accidents. Both employers and employees have a duty to do whatever is reasonable and practical to avoid causing accidents. These requirements are minimum safety requirements and shall augment other safety standards developed by the department which are of a general nature and apply to all industrial operations such as those contained in the general safety standards, chapter WAC 296-24 WAC; occupational health standards, chapter WAC 296-62 WAC; and precautionary labeling of containers of hazardous materials, chapter WAC 296-64, or others which may be applicable. Regulations adopted by the department concerning certain types of equipment or conditions, such as metal and nonmetallic mines, quarries, pits and crushing operations, chapter WAC 296-61, and possession, handling and use of explosives, chapter WAC 296-52 WAC shall be complied with when applicable.

Some of the factors involving safe practices are use of good judgment, and the avoidance of taking chances. Accidents can be avoided in many instances by everyone conscientiously applying their knowledge of safety.

Copies of all society of automotive engineers reports (SAE) referred to in these standards are on file in all district offices of the division of industrial safety and health of the department of labor and industries, and may be reviewed by any interested person. Individuals desiring to obtain copies of such material shall arrange to do so directly from the publishers or from other sources. The division of industrial safety and health will not assume the responsibility of acquiring such material for uses other than its own needs.

Note: Safety standards for pulpwood logging are contained in a separate edition titled "Safety standards for pulpwood logging," WAC 296-54-45001. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), {WAC 296-54-501, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-501, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-503

Variance.

The assistant director may, upon receipt of application and after adequate investigation by the department, permit a variation from these requirements when an approved alternate means or manner of protection is provided, which affords an equivalent measure of safety as required by the rule from which a variance is requested. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-503, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-505

Definitions applicable to this chapter.

WAC 296-54-505(1)

(1) A-frame - a structure made of two independent columns fastened together at the top and separated by a reasonable width at the bottom to stabilize the unit from tipping sideways.

WAC 296-54-505(2)

(2) Alternate communication system - a system approved by the department of labor and industries, which by voice or other media than horn or whistle, provides a safe and reliable method of communication between crew members.

WAC 296-54-505(3)

(3) A side - any place of activity involving a group in the yarding and loading of logs.

WAC 296-54-505(4)

(4) An operation - any place where logging or log related activities are taking place.

WAC 296-54-505(5)

(5) Approved - approved by the department of labor and industries, division of industrial safety and health.

WAC 296-54-505(6)

(6) Arch - any device attached to the back of a vehicle and used for raising one end of logs to facilitate movement.

WAC 296-54-505(7)

(7) Authorized person - a person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific type of duty(s) or to be at a specific location at a certain time(s).

WAC 296-54-505(8)

(8) Back line - that section of the haulback that runs between the spar tree and the corner block.

WAC 296-54-505(9)

(9) Ballistic nylon - a fabric of high tensile properties designed to provide protection from lacerations.

WAC 296-54-505(10)

(10) Barrier - a fence, wall or railing to prevent passage or approach.

WAC 296-54-505(11)

(11) Base of tree - that portion of a natural tree not more than three feet above ground level.

WAC 296-54-505(12)

(12) Bight of the line - any area where a person is exposed to a controlled or uncontrolled moving line.

WAC 296-54-505(13)

(13) Binder - a hinged lever assembly for connecting the ends of a wrapper to tighten the wrapper around the load of logs or materials.

WAC 296-54-505(14)

(14) Boomboat - any boat used to push or pull logs, booms, bundles, or bags, in booming ground operations.

WAC 296-54-505(15)

(15) Boomscooter - a small boat, usually less than fourteen feet in length, equipped with an outboard motor, having directional pushing capabilities of 360 degrees.

WAC 296-54-505(16)

(16) Brailing - when tiers of logs, poles, or piles are fastened together with a type of dogline and the ends of the side members are then fastened together for towing.

WAC 296-54-505(17)

(17) Brow log - a log or a suitable substitute placed parallel to any roadway at a landing or dump to protect the carrier and facilitate the safe loading or unloading of logs, timber products, or materials.

WAC 296-54-505(18)

(18) Bullbuck - the supervisor of the cutting crew.

WAC 296-54-505(19)

(19) Butt welding - the practice of welding something end to end.

WAC 296-54-505(20)

(20) Cable tree thinning - the selective thinning of a timber stand utilizing mobile yarding equipment specifically designed or adapted for the purpose. Such systems may be of the skyline, slackline, or modified slackline, overhead cable system.

WAC 296-54-505(21)

(21) Choker - a length of wire rope with attachments for encircling the end of a log to be yarded.

WAC 296-54-505(22)

(22) Chunking - the clearing of nonusable material from a specified area.

WAC 296-54-505(23)

(23) Cold deck - any pile of logs which is yarded and left for future removal.

WAC 296-54-505(24)

(24) Competent person - one who is capable of identifying hazards in the surrounding or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous.

WAC 296-54-505(25)

(25) Corner block - the first block the haulback passes through on its way to the tail block.

WAC 296-54-505(26)

(26) Crew bus or vehicle - any vehicle furnished by or for the employer that will transport five or more persons.

WAC 296-54-505(27)

(27) Crotch line - two short lines attached to the same ring or shackle, used for loading or unloading.

WAC 296-54-505(28)

(28) Danger trees - any tree of any height, dead or alive, that presents a hazard to workers because of rot, root, stem or limb damage, lean, or any other observable condition created by natural process or man-made activity.

WAC 296-54-505(29)

(29) Directional falling - a mechanical means to control the direction of falling timber.

WAC 296-54-505(30)

(30) Dog line - type of line used to fasten logs or timber products together by the use of dogs.

WAC 296-54-505(31)

(31) Donkey - any machine with a series of drums used to yard logs.

WAC 296-54-505(32)

(32) Double ended logs - two logs end to end on the same lay.

WAC 296-54-505(33)

(33) Droplines - a short line attached to the carriage or carriage block which is used as an extension to the main line.

WAC 296-54-505(34)

(34) Drum - a mechanical device on which line is spooled or unspooled.

WAC 296-54-505(35)

(35) Dry land storage - decks of logs stored for future removal or use.

WAC 296-54-505(36)

(36) Dutchman -

WAC 296-54-505(36)(a)

(a) A block used to change direction of line lead.

WAC 296-54-505(36)(b)

(b) A method of falling timber consisting of inserting a piece of material into one side of the undercut to assist in pulling a tree against the lean or a section of the undercut can be left in a corner to accomplish the same purpose.

WAC 296-54-505(37)

(37) Experienced person - a person who has been trained and has participated in the subject process for a period of time long enough to thoroughly acquaint the person with all facets of the process.

WAC 296-54-505(38)

(38) F.O.P.S. - falling object protective structure.

WAC 296-54-505(39)

(39) Fair lead - sheaves, rolls, or a combination thereof arranged to receive a line coming from any direction for proper line spooling onto a drum.

WAC 296-54-505(40)

(40) Front end loader - a mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tusk, bucket, or fork- lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.

WAC 296-54-505(41)

(41) Guard rail - a railing to restrain a person.

WAC 296-54-505(42)

(42) Guyline - a line used to support or stabilize a spar.

WAC 296-54-505(43)

(43) Gypsy drum - a mechanical device wherein the line is not attached to the drum and is manually spooled to control the line movement on and off the drum.

WAC 296-54-505(44)

(44) Haulback - a line used to pull the buttrigging and mainline to the logs to be yarded.

WAC 296-54-505(45)

(45) Haulback block - any block the haulback line passes through including the corner block and tailblock.

WAC 296-54-505(46)

(46) Hay rack -

WAC 296-54-505(46)(a)

(a) A type of loading boom where two tongs are used and logs are suspended.

WAC 296-54-505(46)(b)

(b) A transporting vehicle with multiple sets of bunks attached to a rigid frame usually used for hauling logs.

WAC 296-54-505(47)

(47) Hazardous falling area - the area within a circle centered on the tree being felled and having a radius not less than twice the height of that tree.

WAC 296-54-505(48)

(48) Head tree - the tree where yarding and/or loading takes place. (See spar tree)

WAC 296-54-505(49)

(49) Heel boom - a type of loading boom where one tong is used and one end of the log is pulled up against the boom.

WAC 296-54-505(50)

(50) High lead - a system of logging wherein the main line is threaded through the main line block, which is attached near the top of the spar, to obtain a lift of the logs being yarded.

WAC 296-54-505(51)

(51) Hobo log and/or hitchhiker - a free or unattached log that is picked up by a turn and is transported with the turn.

WAC 296-54-505(52)

(52) Hooktender - the worker that supervises the method of moving the logs from the woods to the landing.

WAC 296-54-505(53)

(53) Hot deck - a landing where logs are being moved.

WAC 296-54-505(54)

(54) Hydraulic jack - a mechanical device, powered by internal pressure, used to control the direction in which a tree is to be felled.

WAC 296-54-505(55)

(55) In the clear - being in a position where the possibility of harmful physical contact is minimized.

WAC 296-54-505(56)

(56) Jackstrawed - trees or logs piled in an unorderly manner.

WAC 296-54-505(57)

(57) Jaggers - any projecting broken wire in a strand of cable.

WAC 296-54-505(58)

(58) Kerf - that portion of timber products taken out by the saw teeth.

WAC 296-54-505(59)

(59) Knob - a metal ferrule attached to the end of a line.

WAC 296-54-505(60)

(60) Landing - any place where logs are laid after being yarded, awaiting subsequent handling, loading, and hauling.

WAC 296-54-505(61)

(61) Lift tree - an intermediate support for skylines.

WAC 296-54-505(62)

(62) Loading boom - any structure projecting from a pivot point to guide a log when lifted.

WAC 296-54-505(63)

(63) Lodged tree - a tree leaning against another tree or object which prevents it from falling to the ground.

WAC 296-54-505(64)

(64) Log bronco - a sturdily built boat usually from twelve to twenty feet in length, used to push logs or bundles of logs in a generally forward direction in booming and rafting operations.

WAC 296-54-505(65)

(65) Log dump - a place where logs are removed from transporting equipment. It may be either dry land or water, parbuckled over a brow log or removed by machine.

WAC 296-54-505(66)

(66) Logging machine - a machine used or intended for use to yard, move, or handle logs, trees, chunks, trailers, and related materials or equipment. This shall include self-loading log trucks only during the loading and unloading process.

WAC 296-54-505(67)

(67) Logs - tree segments suitable for subsequent processing into lumber, pulpwood, or other wood products, including but not limited to poles, piling, peeler blocks and bolts.

WAC 296-54-505(68)

(68) Log stacker - a mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a frontally mounted grapple, tusk, or forklift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs.

WAC 296-54-505(69)

(69) Long sticks - an overlength log that creates a hazard by exceeding the safe perimeters of the landing.

WAC 296-54-505(70)

(70) Mainline - the line attached to the buttrigging used to pull logs to the landing.

WAC 296-54-505(71)

(71) Mainline block - the block hung in the spar through which the mainline passes.

WAC 296-54-505(72)

(72) Mainline train - any train that is made up for travel between the woods and log dump.

WAC 296-54-505(73)

(73) Matchcutting - the felling of trees without using an undercut.

WAC 296-54-505(74)

(74) Mechanized falling - falling of standing timber by a self-propelled mobile wheeled or tracked machine equipped with a shear or other powered cutting device.

WAC 296-54-505(75)

(75) Mechanized feller - any such machine as described in WAC 296-54-535 and WAC 296-54-537, and includes feller/bunchers and similar machines performing multiple functions.

WAC 296-54-505(76)

(76) Mobile log loader - a self-propelled log loading machine mounted on wheels or tracks, incorporating a grapple-rigged Bohemian, goose neck, or straight boom fabricated structure, employed in the loading or unloading of logs by means of grapples or tongs.

WAC 296-54-505(77)

(77) Mobile yarder - a logging machine mounted on wheels, tracks, or skids, incorporating a vertical or inclined spar, tower, or boom, employed in skyline, slackline, high lead, or grapple overhead cable yarding systems.

WAC 296-54-505(78)

(78) Must - the same as "shall" and is mandatory.

WAC 296-54-505(79)

(79) New area or setting - a location of operations when both the loading station and the yarder are moved.

WAC 296-54-505(80)

(80) Pass line - a small line threaded through a block at the top of the spar to assist the high climber.

WAC 296-54-505(81)

(81) Permissible (as applied to any device, equipment or appliance) - such device, equipment, or appliance has the formal approval of the United States Bureau of Mines, American Standards Association, or National Board of Fire Underwriters.

WAC 296-54-505(82)

(82) Portable spar or tower - a movable engineered structure designed to be used in a manner similar to which a wood spar tree would be used.

WAC 296-54-505(83)

(83) Qualified person - a person, who by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

WAC 296-54-505(84)

(84) Reach - a steel tube or wood timber or pole connected to the truck and inserted through a tunnel on the trailer. It steers the trailer when loaded and pulls the trailer when empty.

WAC 296-54-505(85)

(85) Receding line - the line on a skidder or slackline comparable to the haulback line on a yarder.

WAC 296-54-505(86)

(86) Reload - an area where logs are dumped and reloaded or transferred as a unit to another mode of transportation.

WAC 296-54-505(87)

(87) Rollway - any place where logs are dumped and they roll or slide to their resting place.

WAC 296-54-505(88)

(88) R.O.P.S. - roll over protection structure.

WAC 296-54-505(89)

(89) Rub tree - a tree used to guide a turn around a certain area.

WAC 296-54-505(90)

(90) Running line - any line which moves.

WAC 296-54-505(91)

(91) SAE - society of automotive engineers.

WAC 296-54-505(92)

(92) Safety factor - the ratio of breaking strength to a safe working strength or loading.

WAC 296-54-505(93)

(93) Safety glass - a type of glass that will not shatter when broken.

WAC 296-54-505(94)

(94) Sail block - a block hung inverted on the sail guy to hold the tong block in proper position.

WAC 296-54-505(95)

(95) Scaler - the person who measures the diameter and length of the logs, determines specie and grade, and makes deductions for footage calculations.

WAC 296-54-505(96)

(96) Shall - a requirement that is mandatory.

WAC 296-54-505(97)

(97) Shear log - a log placed in a strategic location to divert passage of objects.

WAC 296-54-505(98)

(98) Shore skids - any group of timbers spaced a short distance apart on which logs are rolled.

WAC 296-54-505(99)

(99) Signal person - the person designated to give signals to the machine operator.

WAC 296-54-505(100)

(100) Siwash - to change the lead of a line with a physical object such as a stump or tree instead of a block.

WAC 296-54-505(101)

(101) Skidder - a machine or animal used to move logs or trees to a landing.

WAC 296-54-505(102)

(102) Skidding - movement of logs or trees on the surface of the ground to the place where they are to be loaded.

WAC 296-54-505(103)

(103) Skyline - the line suspended between two points on which a block or carriage travels.

WAC 296-54-505(104)

(104) Slackline - a form of skyline where the skyline cable is spooled on a donkey drum and can be raised or lowered.

WAC 296-54-505(105)

(105) Slack puller - any weight or mechanical device used to increase the movement of a line when its own weight is inadequate.

WAC 296-54-505(106)

(106) Snag - a dead standing tree or a portion thereof. (See Danger tree)

WAC 296-54-505(107)

(107) Snorkel - a loading boom modified to extend its limitations for the purpose of yarding.

WAC 296-54-505(108)

(108) Spar - a device rigged for highlead, skyline or slackline yarding.

WAC 296-54-505(109)

(109) Spar tree - (see spar).

WAC 296-54-505(110)

(110) Speeder - a small self-powered vehicle that runs on a railroad track.

WAC 296-54-505(111)

(111) Spike - a long heavy nail similar to a railroad spike.

WAC 296-54-505(112)

(112) Springboard - a board with an iron tip used by fallers to stand on while working above ground level.

WAC 296-54-505(113)

(113) Square lead - the angle of 90 degrees.

WAC 296-54-505(114)

(114) Squirrel - a weight used to swing a boom when the power unit does not have enough drums to do it mechanically.

WAC 296-54-505(115)

(115) Squirrel tree - a topped tree, guyed if necessary, near the spar tree in which the counter balance (squirrel) of a tree rigged boom is hung.

WAC 296-54-505(116)

(116) Stiff boom - two or more boom sticks wrapped together on which boom persons walk or work.

WAC 296-54-505(117)

(117) Strap - any short piece of line with an eye or "D" in each end.

WAC 296-54-505(118)

(118) Strawline - a small line used for miscellaneous purposes.

WAC 296-54-505(119)

(119) Strap socket or D - a socket with a closed loop and arranged to be attached to the end of a line by the molten zinc, or an equivalent method. It is used in place of a spliced eye.

WAC 296-54-505(120)

(120) Strip - a definite location of timber on which one or more cutting crews work.

WAC 296-54-505(121)

(121) Swamping - the falling or cutting of brush around or along a specified place.

WAC 296-54-505(122)

(122) Swifter - a piece of equipment used to tie the side sticks of a log raft together to keep the raft from spreading.

WAC 296-54-505(123)

(123) Swing cut - a back cut in which the holding wood on one side is cut through.

WAC 296-54-505(124)

(124) Tail block - the haulback block at the back end of the show.

WAC 296-54-505(125)

(125) Tail hold - an anchor used for making fast any line or block.

WAC 296-54-505(126)

(126) Tail tree - the tree at the opposite end from the head tree on which the skyline or other type rigging is hung.

WAC 296-54-505(127)

(127) Tight line - when either the mainline or haulback are held and power is exerted on the other or when power is exerted on both at the same time.

WAC 296-54-505(128)

(128) Tong line block - the block hung in a boom through which the tong line operates.

WAC 296-54-505(129)

(129) Tongue - a device used to pull and/or steer a trailer.

WAC 296-54-505(130)

(130) Topping - cutting off the top section of a standing tree prior to rigging the tree for a spar or tail tree.

WAC 296-54-505(131)

(131) Tower - (see portable spar or tower).

WAC 296-54-505(132)

(132) Tractor - a machine of wheel or track design used in logging.

WAC 296-54-505(133)

(133) Tractor logging - the use of any wheeled or tracked vehicle in the skidding or yarding of logs.

WAC 296-54-505(134)

(134) Transfer (as used in loading) - changing of logs in a unit from one mode of transportation to another.

WAC 296-54-505(135)

(135) Tree jack - a grooved saddle of wood or metal rollers contained within two steel plates, attached to a tree with a strap, used as a guide for skyline, sail guy, or similar static line. It is also formed to prevent a sharp bend in the line.

WAC 296-54-505(136)

(136) Tree plates - steel bars sometimes shaped as elongated J's, which are fastened near the top of a tree to hold guylines and prevent them from cutting into the tree when tightened. The hooks of the J are also used to prevent the mainline block strap from sliding down the tree.

WAC 296-54-505(137)

(137) Tree pulling - a method of falling trees in which the tree is pulled down with a line.

WAC 296-54-505(138)

(138) Tug - a boat, usually over twenty feet in length, used primarily to pull barges, booms of logs, bags of debris, or log rafts.

WAC 296-54-505(139)

(139) Turn - any log or group of logs attached by some means to power and moved from a point of rest to a landing.

WAC 296-54-505(140)

(140) "V" lead - a horizontal angle of less than 90 degrees formed by the projected lines of the mainline from the drum of the logging machine through the block or fairlead and the yarding load or turn.

WAC 296-54-505(141)

(141) WAC - Washington Administrative Code.

WAC 296-54-505(142)

(142) Waistline - that portion of the haulback running between the corner block and the tail block.

WAC 296-54-505(143)

(143) Wrapper - a cable assembly or chain used to contain a load of logs.

WAC 296-54-505(144)

(144) Wrapper rack - barrier used to protect a person while removing binders and wrappers from a loaded logging truck.

WAC 296-54-505(145)

(145) Yarder - a machine with a series of drums used to yard logs. (See donkey)

WAC 296-54-505(146)

(146) Yarding - the movement of logs from the place they are felled to a landing. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), {WAC 296-54-505, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-505, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-505, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-507

Management's responsibility.

80-15a WISHA Regional Directive 80-15A

In addition to observance of the general safety and health standards:

WAC 296-54-507(1)

(1) The employer shall assume the responsibility of safety training for new employees.

WAC 296-54-507(2)

(2) The employer shall develop and maintain a hazard communication program as required by chapter WAC 296-62, Part C, which will provide information to all employees relative to hazardous chemicals or substances to which they are exposed, or may become exposed, in the course of their employment.

WAC 296-54-507(3)

(3) The employer shall assume the responsibility of work assignments so that no employee shall be allowed to work in a position or location so isolated that he/she is not within ordinary calling distance of another employee who can render assistance in case of emergency. In any operation where cutting, yarding, loading, or a combination of these duties is carried on, there shall be a minimum of two employees who shall work as a team and shall be in visual or hearing contact with one another to allow prompt awareness of injury or cessation of work activity of one employee by the other. No employee shall be left alone for a period of time to exceed fifteen minutes without visual or hearing contact. In addition, there shall be some system of back-up communication in the near proximity to enable an employee to call for assistance in case of emergency.

Note: This does not apply to operators of motor vehicles, watchpersons or certain other jobs which, by their nature, are singular employee assignments. However, a definite procedure for checking the welfare of all employees during their working hours shall be instituted and all employees so advised.

WAC 296-54-507(4)

(4) The employer shall establish a method of checking the employees in from the woods at the end of each shift. Each immediate supervisor shall be responsible for his/her crew being accounted for. This standard also includes operators of all movable equipment.

WAC 296-54-507(5)

(5) Prior to the commencement of logging operations in a new area or setting, a safety meeting shall be held and a plan shall be developed and implemented whereby management shall ascertain by direct supervision that the work is being carried out with special emphasis on safety and safe work practices.

WAC 296-54-507(6)

(6) When extreme weather or other extreme conditions are such that additional hazards arise, additional precautions shall be taken to assure safe operations. If the operation cannot be made safe because of the aforementioned conditions, the work shall be discontinued until safe to resume.

WAC 296-54-507(7)

(7) Danger trees within reach of landings, roads, rigging, buildings or work areas shall be either felled before regular operations begin or work shall be arranged so that employees shall not be exposed to hazards involved.

WAC 296-54-507(8)

(8) Management shall ensure that intoxicating beverages and narcotics are not permitted or used by employees on or in the vicinity of the work site. Management shall cause employees under the influence of alcohol or narcotics to be removed from the work site. This requirement does not apply to employees taking prescription drugs and/or narcotics as directed by a physician providing such use shall not endanger the employee or others. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), {WAC 296-54-507, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-507, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-507, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-509

Employee's responsibility.

WAC 296-54-509(1)

(1) Employees shall coordinate and cooperate with management and other employees in an attempt to eliminate accidents.

WAC 296-54-509(2)

(2) Employees shall study and observe all safe work practices governing their work.

WAC 296-54-509(3)

(3) They should offer safety suggestions, wherein such suggestions may contribute to a safer work environment.

WAC 296-54-509(4)

(4) Intoxicating beverages and narcotics shall not be permitted or used by employees in or around the work sites. Employees under the influence of alcohol or narcotics shall not be permitted on the work site. This rule does not apply to employees taking prescription drugs and/or narcotics as directed by a physician providing such use shall not endanger the employee or others.

WAC 296-54-509(5)

(5) Employees shall conduct themselves in a workmanlike manner while on the work site. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-509, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-511

Personal protective equipment.

84-14 WISHA Regional Directive 84-14

WAC 296-54-511(1)

(1) General requirements.

WAC 296-54-511(1)(a)

(a) Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, hearing and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices and protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

WAC 296-54-511(1)(b)

(b) Employee owned equipment. Where employees are required to provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance and sanitation of such equipment.

WAC 296-54-511(1)(c)

(c) Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed. All safety belts and attachments shall meet the requirements of section 3 of ANSI A10.14-1975.

WAC 296-54-511(2)

(2) Eye and face protection. Protective eye and/or face equipment shall be required and worn where there is a probability of injury that can be prevented by such equipment. In such cases, employers shall make conveniently available a type of protector suitable for the work to be performed, and employees shall use such protectors. Suitable eye protectors shall be provided and worn where machines or operations present the hazard of flying objects, glare, liquids, injurious radiation, or a combination of these hazards.

WAC 296-54-511(3)

(3) Respiratory protection. The respiratory protection requirements of the general occupational health standards, chapter WAC 296-62, shall apply.

WAC 296-54-511(4)

(4) Occupational head protection. Protective helmets meeting the specifications contained in American National Standards Institute (ANSI), shall be worn by all employees involved in the logging operation or any of its related activities unless such employees are protected by F.O.P.S., cabs or canopies. Protective helmets shall be maintained in serviceable condition.

WAC 296-54-511(4)(a)

(a) Protective helmets purchased after February 20, 1995, shall comply with ANSI Z89.1-1986, "American National Standard for Personnel Protection--Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers--Requirements," which is incorporated by reference, or shall be demonstrated to be equally effective.

WAC 296-54-511(4)(b)

(b) Protective helmets purchased before February 20, 1995, shall comply with the ANSI standard "American National Standard Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection," ANSI Z89.1-1969, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.

WAC 296-54-511(5)

(5) Personal flotation devices. Employees working on, over or along water, where the danger of drowning exists, shall be provided with and shall wear approved personal flotation devices in accordance with General safety and health standards, WAC 296-24-086.

WAC 296-54-511(6)

(6) Occupational footwear.

WAC 296-54-511(6)(a)

(a) All employees whose duties require them to walk on logs or boomsticks, shall wear sharp-calked shoes, or the equivalent, except when conditions such as ice, snow, etc., render calks ineffective. When calks are ineffective and other footwear does not afford suitable protection, workers shall not be required to work on logs or boomsticks.

WAC 296-54-511(6)(b)

(b) When nonslip type shoes or boots afford a greater degree of employee protection than calk shoes, such as at scaling stations, log sorting yards, etc., then this type footwear may be worn in lieu of calk shoes providing firm ankle support and secure footing are maintained.

WAC 296-54-511(7)

(7) Leg protection. Employees whose normal duties require them to operate a power saw shall wear a flexible ballistic nylon pad or pads, sewn or otherwise fastened into the trousers, or other equivalent protection, that will protect the vulnerable area of the legs.

WAC 296-54-511(8)

(8) Hand protection. All employees handling lines or other rough materials where there is a reasonable possibility of hand injury, shall wear suitable gloves or other hand protection to prevent injury.

WAC 296-54-511(9)

(9) Hearing protection. The hearing protection requirements of the general occupational health standards, chapter WAC 296-62, shall apply.

WAC 296-54-511(10)

(10) Protective clothing. Employees working on landings or in log sorting yards, when working on or from the ground, shall wear highly visible hard hats and/or yellow or orange vests, or similarly colored garments, to enable equipment operators to readily see them. It is recommended that such hard hats and vests or outer garments be of a luminous or reflectorized material. Employees performing duties of a flagperson shall wear a hard hat and vest or garment of contrasting colors. Warning vests and hard hats worn at night shall be of a reflectorized material.

Note: See chapter WAC 296-24, Part A-2, for additional personal protective equipment requirements. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-056 (Order 94-16), § WAC 296-54-511, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 83-24-013 (Order 83-34), {WAC 296-54-511, filed 11/30/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-511, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-511, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-513

Safety educational and first-aid requirements.

See the general safety and health standards, WAC 296-24-040 through WAC 296-24-065. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-513, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-515

General requirements.

WAC 296-54-515(1)

(1) Emergency stops. Speed limiting devices, safety stops or emergency shut down devices or shut off valves shall be provided, with the controls so located that in the event of an emergency, the prime mover may be shut down from a safe place.

WAC 296-54-515(2)

(2) Machine operators. Machine operators shall be experienced in operating the equipment they are using, except that inexperienced persons may operate the equipment to gain experience while in training and may do so only while working under immediate supervision of an experienced authorized person.

WAC 296-54-515(3)

(3) Refueling vehicles. Vehicles shall not be fueled while the motors are running with the exception of helicopters, which is permitted under certain conditions. (See WAC 296-54-559(36).)

WAC 296-54-515(4)

(4) Hydraulic lines. If failure of hydraulic lines would create a hazard to an equipment operator while at the operating station, safeguards shall be installed in such a manner as to eliminate the hazard. All hydraulic lines shall be maintained free of leaks and shall be shielded from damage wherever possible.

WAC 296-54-515(5)

(5) Defective equipment. Equipment in need of repair shall be reported to management in writing as soon as possible and such equipment shall not be used until repairs are completed if there is a possible hazard to safety of the operator or other employees.

WAC 296-54-515(6)

(6) Lock out - tag out. Procedures for lock out - tag out shall be established and implemented to prevent the accidental starting of equipment that is shut down for repairs, maintenance or adjustments.

WAC 296-54-515(7)

(7) Control marking. The controls of all machines shall be marked as to their purpose in the operation of the machine.

WAC 296-54-515(8)

(8) Metal objects. Metal objects driven into trees or logs shall be removed immediately after serving their intended purpose.

WAC 296-54-515(9)

(9) Fire protection. An approved, fully charged and maintained, fire extinguisher shall be available at locations where machines are operating or on each vehicle.

WAC 296-54-515(10)

(10) Hand tools. Hand and portable powered tools and other hand-held equipment shall be maintained and used in accordance with the general safety and health standards, WAC 296-24-650.

WAC 296-54-515(11)

(11) Storage, handling and marking of fuel. Fuel shall be stored, handled and marked in accordance with WAC 296-24-330.

WAC 296-54-515(12)

(12) Smoking prohibited. Smoking shall be prohibited in battery charging areas and within fifty feet of all refueling operations. Precautions shall be taken to prevent open flames, sparks or electric arcs in battery charging or refueling areas.

WAC 296-54-515(13)

(13) Charging batteries. When charging batteries, the vent caps shall be kept in place to avoid electrolyte spray. Care shall be taken to ensure caps are functioning. The battery (or compartment) cover(s) shall be open to dissipate heat.

WAC 296-54-515(14)

(14) Uncovered batteries. Tools and other metallic objects shall be kept away from the tops of uncovered batteries. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-515, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-515, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-517

Camps.

Rules, regulations and standards for camps shall be in accordance with WAC 296-24-125. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-517, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-517, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-519

Transportation of crews by motor vehicle.

WAC 296-54-519(1)

(1) Seats. Anchored seats shall be provided for each person when riding in any vehicle.

WAC 296-54-519(2)

(2) Seat belts. The driver of a crew vehicle shall be provided with and shall wear a seat belt at all times the crew vehicle is in motion.

WAC 296-54-519(3)

(3) Barricade. After May 1, 1980, a substantial barricade shall be provided behind the driver of a crew bus or vehicle that will transport nine or more passengers. The barricade shall extend from the floor to at least a level even with the top of the driver's head.

WAC 296-54-519(4)

(4) Safe entrance and exits. Adequate provisions shall be made for safe entrance and exits.

WAC 296-54-519(5)

(5) Enclosed racks. When equipment or tools are carried inside the vehicle, they shall be stored in enclosed racks or boxes, which shall be properly secured to the vehicle.

WAC 296-54-519(6)

(6) Vehicle to be stopped. Persons shall not enter or exit from any vehicle until the vehicle is completely stopped.

WAC 296-54-519(7)

(7) Keep within vehicle. Persons shall keep all parts of the body within the vehicle.

WAC 296-54-519(8)

(8) Stoves prohibited. Provisions shall be made for heat and light in the passenger portion of the vehicle. Use of stoves in vehicles is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-519(9)

(9) Emergency exit. On vehicles designed to transport nine or more passengers, an emergency exit not less than six and one-half square feet in area, with the smaller dimension being not less than 18 inches, shall be placed at the back of the vehicle or near the back on the side opposite the regular entrance. The route to and egress from the exit must be unobstructed at all times.

WAC 296-54-519(10)

(10) Fire extinguisher. When no fuel is transported in the crew vehicle, a minimum rated 5/BC dry chemical fire extinguisher shall be kept in the passenger compartment. When fuel is transported on the crew vehicle in accordance with subsection (14) of this section, a minimum rated 10/BC dry chemical fire extinguisher shall be kept in the passenger compartment. The extinguishing agent shall be non toxic and preferably a noncorrosive type.

WAC 296-54-519(11)

(11) Crew and emergency vehicles. Vehicles designed to transport five or more passengers shall be equipped with stretchers, two blankets, and first-aid kits. If used as a means of transporting injured persons, it shall be designed to enable persons to pass a loaded stretcher into the vehicle. Provisions shall be made for proper securing of the stretcher.

WAC 296-54-519(12)

(12) Exhaust systems. Exhaust systems shall be designed and maintained to eliminate the exposure of passengers to toxic agents.

WAC 296-54-519(13)

(13) Limitation of transportation of explosives. Explosives shall not be carried on any vehicle while the vehicle is being used to transport workers other than the driver and two persons.

WAC 296-54-519(14)

(14) Limitation of transportation of fuels. Fuels shall be transported or stored only in approved safety containers. Enclosed areas where fuels are carried or stored shall be vented in such a manner that a hazardous concentration of fumes cannot accumulate. All containers or drums shall be properly secured to the vehicle while being transported. Commercially built vehicles of the pick-up or flatbed type with a seating capacity of not to exceed six persons may be used to carry fuels in or on the bed of such vehicles, providing such fuels are not carried in the crew compartment. Van-type vehicles may be used to carry fuels only when a vapor-proof bulkhead is installed between the passenger compartment and storage compartment. Not more than forty-two gallons of gasoline may be carried or stored in the compartment and each container shall have a capacity not exceeding seven gallons.

WAC 296-54-519(15)

(15) Motor vehicle laws. Motor vehicles used as crew vehicles regularly for the transportation of workers shall be covered against the weather and equipped and operated in conformity with applicable state of Washington motor vehicle laws.

WAC 296-54-519(16)

(16) Operator's license. All operators of crew vehicles shall be experienced drivers and shall possess a current valid drivers license.

WAC 296-54-519(17)

(17) Daily vehicle check. Operators of crew vehicles shall check brakes and lights daily and shall keep windshields and mirrors clean.

WAC 296-54-519(18)

(18) Good repair. Crew vehicles shall be maintained in good repair and safe condition.

WAC 296-54-519(19)

(19) Dump trucks. Dump trucks shall only be used in an emergency to transport workers and shall be equipped with adequate safety chains or locking devices which will eliminate the possibility of the body of the truck being raised while employees are riding in the truck. Emergency shall mean any unforeseen circumstances which calls for immediate action when danger to life or danger from fire exists.

WAC 296-54-519(20)

(20) Means of signaling. An effective means of signaling shall be provided for communication between the driver and the passengers being transported when they are in separate compartments.

WAC 296-54-519(21)

(21) Load limit. The passenger load limit of a crew vehicle shall not exceed the seating capacity of the vehicle.

WAC 296-54-519(22)

(22) Vehicle check. Crew vehicles shall be thoroughly inspected by a mechanic for defects which could create a hazardous condition for operation. Such inspections shall be carried out at least every month. Defects known to the operator shall be reported in writing to the mechanic or person in charge. If defects are found, they shall be corrected before the vehicle is used for the transportation of crews. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-519, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-519, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-521

Transportation of crews by use of speeders and trailers.

WAC 296-54-521(1)

(1) Braking systems. All speeders shall be equipped with two separate and independently operated braking systems either of which shall be of sufficient capacity to lock all wheels when speeder is fully loaded.

WAC 296-54-521(2)

(2) Sanding methods. All speeders used for transporting crews shall be equipped with methods for sanding tracks, operative for both directions of travel.

WAC 296-54-521(3)

(3) Lights, windshield wipers. Electric lights of sufficient candle power and range so that vehicle can be stopped within the range of the beam, and which will shine in the direction of travel, shall be provided on all speeders. Adequate tail lights shall be installed and maintained in good order. Automatic windshield wipers of sufficient capacity to maintain clear visibility shall be installed on all speeders.

WAC 296-54-521(4)

(4) Trailers. When trailers are coupled behind speeders, they shall be equipped with two separate and independent braking systems, either shall be of sufficient capacity to lock all wheels when the trailer is fully loaded. One of these shall be power operated and shall be controlled from the speeder; the other manually operated from the trailer. One man shall be designated to operate this brake in case of emergency.

WAC 296-54-521(5)

(5) Trailer coupling. All trailers shall be coupled to speeders with metal couplings and safety chains or straps of sufficient strength to withstand the impact caused by a broken coupling.

WAC 296-54-521(6)

(6) Trailer not to coast. No trailer shall coast or be used as a crew car without being attached to a speeder. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-521, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-523

Methods of crew transportation other than those specified.

Special approval. Persons or firms desiring to transport crews by methods other than those specified in these rules shall so inform the division of industrial safety and health, department of labor and industries, so that an evaluation of that method may be made. Should the proposed method be found to afford a measure of safety acceptable to the division of industrial safety and health, department of labor and industries, a written order stating that finding shall be issued to the person or firm concerned by the division of industrial safety and health and the proposed method may be utilized. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-523, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-525

Railroad construction and maintenance.

WAC 296-54-525(1)

(1) Construction. All construction shall be according to safe logging practice as to size of rails, ties, track accessories and methods of installing same.

WAC 296-54-525(2)

(2) Rail guards. Rail guards shall be placed on main lines and spurs, consistent with type of traffic and general local conditions.

WAC 296-54-525(3)

(3) Rail anchors. Rail anchors of approved design shall be installed wherever practicable.

WAC 296-54-525(4)

(4) Frogs, switches and guard rail ends. Frogs, switches and ends of guard rails shall have either patent or wooden foot guard blocking installed.

WAC 296-54-525(5)

(5) Slip plates. Slip plates shall be used under all switches and switch points.

WAC 296-54-525(6)

(6) Wire for telephone lines. All above ground wire for permanent telegraph or telephone lines used for dispatching must be well strung on insulators and shall be clear of ground and obstruction.

WAC 296-54-525(7)

(7) Insulators. Where telephone lines are strung under or near power lines, foot stools mounted on insulators in front of telephone boxes must be used, unless other protection is provided, which affords a substantially equivalent measure of safety.

WAC 296-54-525(8)

(8) Trestles. Foundations, pile trestles, framed bent trestles, mud sills, or other framework of all structures shall be adequate to support the maximum imposed loads without exceeding the maximum safe working unit stresses. Such structure shall be maintained in good condition and repair and shall be inspected at least annually by a qualified person and a record maintained of inspection which shall be made available to the division of industrial safety and health on request.

WAC 296-54-525(9)

(9) Wooden guard. Outside wooden guard rails shall be installed on all railroad bridges except that outside wooden rails will not be required where inside steel guard rails are used. They shall extend not less than six inches above the top of the ties and shall be bolted or spiked to ties at intervals of not more than five feet. Spacer blocks shall be used unless ties are spiked to stringers, or guard rails are dapped to avoid need for spacer blocks.

WAC 296-54-525(10)

(10) Bridge ties. Regular bridge ties of not less than ten feet in length shall be used on all railroad bridges constructed after the effective date of these standards.

WAC 296-54-525(11)

(11) Safety platforms. On trestles and bridges whose length exceeds two hundred fifty feet, safety platforms providing safe standing space for two persons shall be installed and spaced so that a person on the trestle or bridge is never more than one hundred twenty-five feet from a safety platform or the end of the bridge or structure.

WAC 296-54-525(12)

(12) Bridges and trestles used as footways. All railroad bridges and trestles used habitually as footways shall be provided with a plank walkway not less than twelve inches wide and two inches thick, located between the rails, and shall extend from end to end of bridge or trestle.

WAC 296-54-525(13)

(13) Walkway. A suitable substantial walkway not less than three feet wide with handrail shall be installed on bridges or trestles where train crews are required to perform routine inspection or repair work on trains. Substantial platforms and handrails shall be provided where switches are located on bridges or trestles. Adequate clearance shall be allowed for the throw of the switch.

WAC 296-54-525(14)

(14) Clearing right of way. All dangerous trees, snags or brush shall be cleared a safe distance from both sides of the track and any obstruction that will create a transportation hazard shall be removed.

WAC 296-54-525(15)

(15) Secure footing at switches. Material shall be provided which will promote secure footing at places alongside the track where employees customarily perform duties, such as inspect loads, set brakes by hand or throw switches.

WAC 296-54-525(16)

(16) Clearance between tracks. The distance between any main tracks and side track shall be such that there shall be a clearance of four feet between bunk ends and locomotive cabs.

WAC 296-54-525(17)

(17) Clearances. The minimum horizontal clearances on each side of the center line of standard gauge mainline railroads shall be eight feet, and the vertical clearance shall be twenty-two feet above the top of each rail (in accordance with standard railroad engineering practices).

WAC 296-54-525(18)

(18) Derailers.

WAC 296-54-525(18)(a)

(a) Derailers shall be installed and used on all landings, passing tracks and spurs where cars are left on a grade.

WAC 296-54-525(18)(b)

(b) These derails shall be located in such a manner that they will be close to standing equipment and will not operate to create a hazard to buildings and other railroad lines.

WAC 296-54-525(18)(c)

(c) Derailers shall not be located on the inside rail on a sharp curve.

WAC 296-54-525(18)(d)

(d) Derail signs shall be set on both sides of the track even with derailer.

WAC 296-54-525(18)(e)

(e) When a derailer is no longer needed, it shall be removed or rendered inoperative. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-525, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-527

Truck roads.

WAC 296-54-527(1)

(1) Truck road grades. Truck road grades shall not be too steep for safe operation of logging or work trucks which operate over them and shall not exceed twenty percent in any case unless a positive means of lowering trucks is provided.

WAC 296-54-527(2)

(2) Truck road surfaces.

WAC 296-54-527(2)(a)

(a) Truck roads shall be of sufficient width and evenness to insure the safe operation of equipment.

WAC 296-54-527(2)(b)

(b) Hazards such as broken planking, deep holes, large rocks, logs, etc., which prevent the safe operation of equipment, shall be immediately corrected.

WAC 296-54-527(2)(c)

(c) Road width. On blind curves, truck roads shall be of sufficient width for two trucks to pass, or some type of signal system shall be maintained or speed limited to such that the vehicle can be stopped in one-half the visible distance.

WAC 296-54-527(3)

(3) Safe roadways. All danger trees shall be felled a safe distance back from the roadway. Rocks, which present a hazard, shall be cleared from banks. Brush and other materials that obstruct the view at intersections or on sharp curves shall be cleared. (This subsection is applicable only to those portions of roads under direct control of the employer.)

WAC 296-54-527(4)

(4) Bridges. All structures shall be adequate to support the maximum imposed loads without exceeding the maximum safe working unit stresses. All bridges shall have an adequate number of reflectors to clearly define the entrance to the bridge. All structures shall be maintained in good condition and repair and shall be inspected at least annually by a qualified authorized person and a record maintained of each inspection, which shall be made available to the division of industrial safety and health, department of labor and industries on request.

WAC 296-54-527(5)

(5) Shear rails. Shear rails shall be installed on both outside edges of bridges. The shear rails must be securely fastened and made of material capable of withstanding the impact generated by contact with the wheels of a loaded vehicle. The top of shear rails shall be not less than fifteen inches above the bridge surface. Bridges in use prior to the effective date of these regulations with outside shear rails of a minimum of ten inches high or center type shear rails of not less than five inches high are permissible until such time repairs are needed.

WAC 296-54-527(6)

(6) Control of dust on logging roads. Measures shall be instituted which will minimize dust to such degree that visibility will not be reduced beyond the point where an operator can safely operate a vehicle. Vehicle operators shall govern the speed of vehicles by road conditions.

WAC 296-54-527(7)

(7) Fenders. Pneumatic-tired equipment shall be equipped with fenders as described in the Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Report J321a. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-527, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-527, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-529

Falling and bucking--General.

WAC 296-54-529(1)

(1) Before starting to fall or buck any tree or snag, the cutter shall survey the area for possible hazards and proceed according to safe practices. Snags which are unsafe to cut shall be blown down with explosives or felled by other safe methods.

WAC 296-54-529(2)

(2) Workers shall not approach a faller within reach of the trees being felled unless a signal has been given and acknowledged by the faller that it is safe to approach.

WAC 296-54-529(3)

(3) Before falling or bucking any tree, sufficient work area shall be swamped and an adequate escape path shall be made. An escape path shall be used as soon as the tree or snag is committed to fall, roll or slide.

WAC 296-54-529(4)

(4) Warning to be given. Fallers shall give timely and adequate warning prior to falling each tree; such warning shall be given with the saw motor at idle or shut off. Persons in the area shall give response to the faller and shall also notify him when they are in the clear.

WAC 296-54-529(5)

(5) A competent person, properly experienced in this type of work, shall be placed in charge of falling and bucking operations. Inexperienced workers shall not be allowed to fall timber or buck logs unless working under the direct supervision of an experienced worker.

WAC 296-54-529(6)

(6) Snags that have loose bark in the area of the proposed cut shall have the bark removed before being felled. When a snag has elevated loose bark which cannot be removed, the buddy system shall be used to watch for and give warning of falling bark or other hazards.

WAC 296-54-529(7)

(7) Tools of fallers and buckers, such as axes, sledges, wedges, saws, spring boards, etc., must be maintained in safe condition. Case hardened or battered sledges and wedges shall not be used. All tools shall be used for their intended purposes.

WAC 296-54-529(8)

(8) Trees shall not be felled if the falling tree can endanger any worker or strike any line or any unit in the operation.

WAC 296-54-529(9)

(9) When practical, strips shall be laid out so cutters face out into opening when starting strip, and all trees shall be felled into the open whenever conditions permit.

WAC 296-54-529(10)

(10) Trade leaners. Cutters shall not fall into another strip; leaners on the line shall be traded.

WAC 296-54-529(11)

(11) When there is danger from kickback of a sapling, the same must be either undercut or felled.

WAC 296-54-529(12)

(12) Cutters shall place an adequate undercut and leave sufficient holding wood to insure the tree will fall in the intended direction. When required, mechanical means shall be used to accomplish this objective.

WAC 296-54-529(13)

(13) Cutters shall be careful their chopping range is unobstructed.

WAC 296-54-529(14)

(14) Cutters shall confer with their supervisor regarding a safe manner of performing the work and in unusually hazardous situations shall not proceed with the work until their method has been approved by their supervisor.

WAC 296-54-529(15)

(15) The person in charge of cutting crews shall regularly inspect the work of the cutting crews and shall be responsible for seeing the work is performed in a proper and safe manner.

WAC 296-54-529(16)

(16) Common sense and good judgment must of necessity govern the safety of cutters as affected by weather conditions. At no time shall they work if wind is strong enough to prevent the falling of trees in the desired direction or when vision is impaired by dense fog or darkness.

WAC 296-54-529(17)

(17) Cutters shall be assigned to work in locations where they are in contact with others or their welfare shall be checked on as provided for by WAC 296-54-507(2).

WAC 296-54-529(18)

(18) Persons in charge of cutting crews shall account for all persons in their crews being on hand when work ceases as provided for by WAC 296-54-507(3).

WAC 296-54-529(19)

(19) All fallers and buckers shall have a current first-aid card.

WAC 296-54-529(20)

(20) All fallers and buckers shall carry or have with them in near proximity at all times, an axe, a minimum of two wedges, a whistle and a first-aid kit. The whistle shall be carried on their person.

WAC 296-54-529(21)

(21) Special precautions shall be taken to prevent trees from falling into power lines. If it appears that a tree will hit a power line, the power company shall be notified before it is attempted to fall the tree. If an unsuspected tree does contact a power line, the power company shall be notified immediately and all persons shall remain clear of the area until the power company personnel advise that conditions have been made safe to resume operations.

WAC 296-54-529(22)

(22) Wedges shall be of soft metal, hardwood or plastic.

WAC 296-54-529(23)

(23) Wedges shall be driven with a hammer or other suitable tool. Double-bitted axes or pulaskies shall not be used for this purpose.

WAC 296-54-529(24)

(24) While wedging, fallers shall watch for falling limbs or other material that might be jarred loose. Cutting of holding wood in lieu of using wedges is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-529(25)

(25) Undercuts are required except in matchcutting, and shall be large enough to safely guide trees and eliminate the possibility of splitting. Trees with no perceptible lean having undercuts to a depth of one-fourth of the diameter of the tree with a face opening equal to one-fifth of the diameter of the tree, will be assumed to be within reasonable compliance with this rule. Swing cuts are prohibited except by an experienced person.

WAC 296-54-529(26)

(26) Undercuts shall be completely removed except when a dutchman is required on either side of the cut.

WAC 296-54-529(27)

(27) Backcuts shall be as level as possible and shall be approximately two inches higher than the undercut, except in tree pulling.

WAC 296-54-529(28)

(28) Trees with face cuts or backcuts shall not be left standing. When a tree is not completely felled, the faller shall clearly mark the tree, shall discontinue work in the hazardous area and notify his immediate supervisor. The supervisor shall be responsible for notifying all workers who might be endangered and shall take appropriate measures to ensure that the tree is safely felled before other work is undertaken in the hazardous area.

WAC 296-54-529(29)

(29) To avoid use of wedges, which might dislodge loose bark or other material, snags shall be felled in the direction of lean unless other means (mechanical or dynamite) are used.

WAC 296-54-529(30)

(30) Lodged trees shall be clearly marked and identified by a predetermined method and all persons in the area shall be instructed not to pass or work within two tree lengths of such trees except to ground them.

WAC 296-54-529(31)

(31) Work areas shall be assigned so that a tree cannot fall into an adjacent occupied work area. The distance between work areas shall be at least twice the height of the trees being felled. A greater distance may be required on downhill slopes depending on the degree of the slope and on the type of trees and other considerations.

WAC 296-54-529(32)

(32) Where felled trees are likely to roll and endanger workers, cutting shall proceed from the bottom toward the top of the slope, and performed uphill from previously felled timber.

WAC 296-54-529(33)

(33) Cutters shall not be placed on a hillside immediately below each other or below other operations where there is probable danger.

WAC 296-54-529(34)

(34) Fallers shall be informed of the movement and location of buckers or other cutters placed, passing or approaching the vicinity of trees being felled.

WAC 296-54-529(35)

(35) A flagperson(s) shall be assigned on roads where hazardous conditions are created from falling trees. Where there is no through traffic, such as on a dead end road, warning signs or barricades shall be used.

WAC 296-54-529(36)

(36) No tree or danger tree shall be felled by one cutter where and when the assistance of a fellow cutter is necessary to minimize the dangers or hazards involved.

WAC 296-54-529(37)

(37) Cutters shall be in the clear as the tree falls.

WAC 296-54-529(38)

(38) Undercuts and backcuts shall be made at a height above the highest ground level to enable the cutter to safely begin the cut, control the tree, and have freedom of movement for a quick escape to be in the clear from a falling tree.

WAC 296-54-529(39)

(39) When falling, a positive means, method or procedure that will prevent accidental cutting of necessary holding wood shall be established and followed. Particular care shall be taken to hold enough wood to guide the tree or snag and prevent it prematurely slipping or twisting from the stump.

WAC 296-54-529(40)

(40) The undercut shall not be made while buckers or other workers are in an area into which the tree could fall.

WAC 296-54-529(41)

(41) Matchcutting should not be permitted and shall be prohibited for trees larger than six inches in diameter breast high.

WAC 296-54-529(42)

(42) The tree (and root wad if applicable) shall be carefully examined to determine which way the logs (and root wad) will roll, drop, or swing when the cut is completed. No worker shall be allowed in this danger zone during cutting.

WAC 296-54-529(43)

(43) Logs shall be completely bucked through whenever possible. If it becomes hazardous to complete a cut, then the log shall be marked and identified by a predetermined method. Rigging crews shall be instructed to recognize such marks and when possible, cutters shall warn the rigging crew of locations where such unfinished cuts remain.

WAC 296-54-529(44)

(44) Cutters shall give timely warning to all persons within range of any log which may have a tendency to roll after being cut off.

WAC 296-54-529(45)

(45) Propping of logs or trees as a means to protect workers downslope from the logs or trees, shall be prohibited.

WAC 296-54-529(46)

(46) Logs shall not be jackstrawed when being bucked in piles or decks at a landing. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-529, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-529, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-531

Falling and bucking--Power saws and power equipment.

WAC 296-54-531(1)

(1) Operators shall inspect chain saws daily to ensure that handles and guards are in place, and controls and other moving parts are functional.

WAC 296-54-531(2)

(2) Fuel outdoors. The chain saw shall be fueled outdoors at least fifty feet from persons smoking or from other potential sources of ignition.

WAC 296-54-531(3)

(3) Chain saws shall not be operated unless equipped with a muffler.

WAC 296-54-531(4)

(4) Idler end of power chain saw blade on all two-man machines shall be adequately guarded.

WAC 296-54-531(5)

(5) Combustion-engine type power saws shall be equipped with a positive means of stopping the engine.

WAC 296-54-531(6)

(6) Electric power saws shall be equipped with an automatic (deadman type) control switch. Saws with faulty switches shall not be used.

WAC 296-54-531(7)

(7) Unless the carburetor is being adjusted, the saw shall be shut off before any adjustments or repairs are made to the saw, chain or bar.

WAC 296-54-531(8)

(8) Combustion-engine type power saws shall be equipped with a clutch.

WAC 296-54-531(9)

(9) The chain saw clutch shall be properly adjusted to prevent the chain from moving when the engine is at idle speed.

WAC 296-54-531(10)

(10) Power chain saws with faulty clutches shall not be used.

WAC 296-54-531(11)

(11) The bar shall be handled only when the power chain saw motor is shut off.

WAC 296-54-531(12)

(12) Power chain saws shall have the drive end of the bar guarded.

WAC 296-54-531(13)

(13) Combustion-engine driven power saws shall be equipped with an automatic throttle control (deadman type), which will return the engine to idle speed upon release of the throttle (idle speed is when the engine is running and the chain does not rotate on the bar).

WAC 296-54-531(14)

(14) When falling of tree is completed, the power saw motor shall be at idle or shutoff. Where terrain or brush creates a hazardous condition, the power saw motor shall be shutoff while the operator is traveling to the next cut. The power saw motor shall also be shutoff while fueling.

WAC 296-54-531(15)

(15) Saw pinching and subsequent chain saw kickback shall be prevented by using wedges, levers, guidelines, and saw placement, or by undercutting.

WAC 296-54-531(16)

(16) Cutters shall not use the chain saw to cut directly overhead or at a distance that would require the operator to relinquish a safe grip on the saw.

WAC 296-54-531(17)

(17) Reserve fuel shall be handled and stored in accordance with WAC 296-24-37009.

WAC 296-54-531(18)

(18) Hand-held files shall be equipped with a handle.

WAC 296-54-531(19)

(19) Only experienced cutters shall buck windfalls. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-531, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-531, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-533

Falling and bucking--Springboards and tree jacking.

WAC 296-54-533(1)

(1) Springboards shall be of clear, straight-grained sound stock of sufficient length, width and strength and shall be replaced when they will no longer safely support the expected load at the extreme end.

WAC 296-54-533(2)

(2) Springboard irons shall be well lipped and firmly attached with bolts or a means of attachment furnishing equivalent strength.

WAC 296-54-533(3)

(3) Two workers shall be present when falling any tree or snag when springboards are used.

WAC 296-54-533(4)

(4) Power saw chains shall be stopped while shifting springboards.

WAC 296-54-533(5)

(5) Jack plates shall be used with hydraulic tree jacks and the base plate shall be seated on solid wood inside the bark ring as close to level as possible.

WAC 296-54-533(6)

(6) Two workers shall be present at all times during the use of tree jacks.

WAC 296-54-533(7)

(7) Wedges shall be used as a follow-up method while using tree jacks. The wedges shall be continuously moved in as the tree is jacked.

WAC 296-54-533(8)

(8) Effective January 1, 1980, all hydraulic tree jacks shall be equipped with an operable velocity fuse (check valve) and the pump shall be equipped with an operable pressure gauge.

WAC 296-54-533(9)

(9) When tree jacking, the facecut shall be nominally one-fourth the diameter of the tree.

WAC 296-54-533(10)

(10) The vertical height of the facecut shall be not less than one-fifth of the diameter of the tree when tree jacking.

Note: See Figure No. 1, for illustrations of undercuts.

undercuts

WAC 296-54-533, Figure No. 1 1460

(A) Conventional undercut. Can be made with parallel saw cut and axe diagonal cut or both cuts with the saw. Generally used on trees of small diameter.

(B) Both cuts made with the saw. Leaves square-end log. Same as (A), except that waste is put on the stump.

(C) Two parallel cuts with the saw. The material between the cuts is chipped out with an axe-adz (pulaski) combination. Used on trees over 30 inches in diameter.

(D) Three parallel cuts with the saw, leaving a step. Same in principle as (C). Used on trees of very large diameters.

Item

1 Undercut depth

2 Undercut height

3 Holding wood

4 Backcut [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-533, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-535

Tree pulling.

WAC 296-54-535(1)

(1) The cutter shall be responsible for determining if a tree can be safely pulled. If, for any reason, the cutter believes the tree pulling cannot be completed safely, the tree shall be conventionally felled.

WAC 296-54-535(2)

(2) When using radio positive radio communications shall be maintained at all times between the tree pulling machine and cutter when tree pulling. An audible signal shall be blown when the initial pull is made on the tree and the line is tightened. Hand signals, in lieu of radio communications and an audible signal, may be used only if the cutter is clearly visible to the tree puller operator.

WAC 296-54-535(3)

(3) A choker, choker bell, or a line and sleeve shackle shall be used as the means of attachment around the tree when tree pulling. The bight on the line shall be only that necessary to hold the choker or line around the tree.

WAC 296-54-535(4)

(4) The tree pulling machine shall be equipped with a torque converter, fluid coupler, or an equivalent device to insure a steady even pull on the line attached around the tree.

WAC 296-54-535(5)

(5) The tree pulling line shall have as straight and direct path from the machine to the tree as possible. Physical obstructions which prevent a steady even pull on the tree pulling line shall be removed or the line shall be rerouted.

WAC 296-54-535(6)

(6) Siwashing, in lieu of a block, in order to change tree pulling lead, is prohibited. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-535, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-535, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-537

Mechanized falling.

WAC 296-54-537(1)

(1) When using selfpropelled mobile falling devices, a watchman and/or warning signs shall be posted at appropriate locations indicating that devices of this type are being used to fall trees.

WAC 296-54-537(2)

(2) Self-propelled mobile falling equipment used for falling trees shall be designed in a manner or shall have auxiliary equipment installed which will cause the tree to fall in the intended direction.

WAC 296-54-537(3)

(3) Mechanized falling shall be conducted in such a manner as not to endanger persons or equipment.

(4) Where a mechanized feller incorporates a cab structure having a single entrance door, it shall be equipped with an alternate means of escape from the cab should the door be blocked in the event of vehicle rollover or fire. Cab doors shall be fitted with latches operable from both sides of the door. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-537, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-539

Climbing equipment and passline.

WAC 296-54-539(1)

(1) Standard climbing equipment shall be furnished by the employer; however, this shall not be construed to mean that the climber may not use his own equipment, provided it meets the following standards and is permitted by the employer. The climbing ropes shall be of steelcore type. The climber may fasten his rope by passing it through "D" rings fastened to the belt and around his body before tying it to itself. When topping standing trees, it is recommended that a steel chain of 3/16-inch or larger, with appropriate fittings attached, shall be used in addition to the climbing rope. All climbing equipment shall be maintained in good condition. An extra set of climbing equipment shall be kept at the climbing operation and another person with climbing experience shall be present.

WAC 296-54-539(2)

(2) A person shall ride only the passline to thread lines, oil blocks or to inspect rigging.

WAC 296-54-539(3)

(3) No one shall work directly under a tree except when directed by the climber. Warning shall be given prior to intentionally dropping any objects or when objects are accidentally dropped.

WAC 296-54-539(4)

(4) Running lines shall not be moved while the climber is working in the tree, except such "pulls" as he directs and are necessary for his work.

WAC 296-54-539(5)

(5) One experienced person shall be dispatched to transmit the climber's signals to the machine operator and shall not otherwise be occupied during the time the climber is in the tree, nor shall the machine operator be otherwise occupied while the climber is using the passline. The designated signalman shall position himself clear of hazards from falling, flying or thrown objects.

WAC 296-54-539(6)

(6) Long or short splices and knots in passline are not permitted. Chains used in passlines shall be in good condition and shall not contain cold shuts or wire strands.

WAC 296-54-539(7)

(7) The climber shall be an experienced logger with proper knowledge of logging methods and the safety of rigging spar and tail trees.

WAC 296-54-539(8)

(8) Trees shall not be topped during windy weather.

WAC 296-54-539(9)

(9) At no time shall topping, rigging-up, or stripping work be done when visibility is impaired.

WAC 296-54-539(10)

(10) When the friction lever and passline drum is on the opposite side of the machine from the operator, an experienced person shall operate the friction lever while the engineer operates the throttle. While being used, the passline drum shall be properly attended by another person to guide the passline onto the passline drum with a tool suitable for the purpose.

WAC 296-54-539(11)

(11) The use of a gypsy drum for handling persons in the tree is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-539(12)

(12) Danger trees leaning towards and within reach of landings, roads, rigging or work areas shall either be felled before the regular operations begin or work shall be arranged so that workers will not be exposed to hazards involved.

WAC 296-54-539(13)

(13) Noisy equipment such as power saws, tractors and shovels shall not be operated around the area where a climber is working when such noise will interfere with the climber's signals.

WAC 296-54-539(14)

(14) Climbing and passline equipment shall not be used for other purposes.

WAC 296-54-539(15)

(15) Defective climbing equipment shall be immediately removed from service.

WAC 296-54-539(16)

(16) The climber shall be equipped with a climbing equipment assembly having a breaking strength of not less than five thousand four hundred pounds. The equipment shall include:

WAC 296-54-539(16)(a)

(a) A safety belt with double "D" rings;

WAC 296-54-539(16)(b)

(b) Steel spurs long and sharp enough to hold in any tree in which they are used; and

WAC 296-54-539(16)(c)

(c) A climbing rope made of wire-core hemp, wire or chain construction.

WAC 296-54-539(17)

(17) When the climber is using a chain saw in the tree, the climbing rope shall be made of material that cannot be severed by the saw.

WAC 296-54-539(18)

(18) Lineman hooks shall not be used as spurs.

WAC 296-54-539(19)

(19) When power saws are used in topping or limbing standing trees, the weight of the saw shall not exceed thirty pounds.

WAC 296-54-539(20)

(20) Tools used by the climber, except the power saw, shall be safely secured to his belt when not in use.

WAC 296-54-539(21)

(21) Snaps shall not be used on a climber's rope unless a secondary safety device between the belt and snap is used.

WAC 296-54-539(22)

(22) A climber's rope shall encircle the tree before the climber leaves the ground except when the climber is riding the passline.

WAC 296-54-539(23)

(23) While the climber is working in the tree, persons shall keep at sufficient distance from the tree to be clear of falling objects.

WAC 296-54-539(24)

(24) When used, passline fair-leads shall be kept in alignment and free from fouling at all times.

WAC 296-54-539(25)

(25) Spikes, used by the climber as a temporary aid in hanging rigging, shall be removed before the tree is used for logging.

WAC 296-54-539(26)

(26) Loose equipment, rigging or material shall either be removed from the tree or securely fastened.

WAC 296-54-539(27)

(27) All spar trees shall be equipped with passlines that shall:

WAC 296-54-539(27)(a)

(a) Be not less than 5/16-inch and not be over 1/2-inch in diameter;

WAC 296-54-539(27)(b)

(b) Not be subjected to any sawing on other lines or rigging, and kept clear of all moving lines and rigging;

WAC 296-54-539(27)(c)

(c) Be of one continuous length and in good condition with no splices, knots, molles, or eye-to-eye splices between the ends;

WAC 296-54-539(27)(d)

(d) Be long enough to provide three wraps on the drum before the climber leaves the ground.

WAC 296-54-539(28)

(28) Drums used for passlines shall have sufficient flange depth to prevent the passline from running off the drum at any time.

WAC 296-54-539(29)

(29) Passline chains shall:

WAC 296-54-539(29)(a)

(a) Be not less than 5/16-inch alloy or 3/8-inch high test chain and shall not contain cold shuts or wire strands;

WAC 296-54-539(29)(b)

(b) Be attached to the end of the passline with a screw-pin shackle, a slip-pin shackle with a nut and molle, or a ring large enough to prevent going through the pass block; and

WAC 296-54-539(29)(c)

(c) Be fitted with links or rings to prevent workers from being pulled into the passline block.

WAC 296-54-539(30)

(30) Pass blocks shall:

WAC 296-54-539(30)(a)

(a) Be inspected before placing in each spar and the necessary replacements or repairs made before they are hung;

WAC 296-54-539(30)(b)

(b) Have the shells bolted under the sheaves;

WAC 296-54-539(30)(c)

(c) Have the bearing pin securely locked and nuts keyed or the block be of the type which positively secures the nut and pin;

WAC 296-54-539(30)(d)

(d) Equipped with sheaves not less than six inches in diameter; and

WAC 296-54-539(30)(e)

(e) Comply with applicable portions of WAC 296-54-543(6) pertaining to blocks.

WAC 296-54-539(31)

(31) When workers are required to go up vertical metal spars, passlines, chains and blocks shall be provided and used. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-539, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-539, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-541

Selection of spar, tail and intermediate trees.

WAC 296-54-541(1)

(1) Douglas fir or spruce shall be used as spar, tail, or intermediate support trees when they are available. If other species must be used, additional guylines, tree plates, or other precautions shall be taken to insure the tree will withstand the strains to be imposed.

WAC 296-54-541(2)

(2) Spar, tail and intermediate support trees shall be examined carefully for defects before being selected. They shall be sound, straight, green and of sufficient diameter to withstand the strains to be imposed.

WAC 296-54-541(3)

(3) Trees having defects that impair their strength shall not be used for spar, tail or intermediate support trees. Raised trees shall be identified and marked as such.

WAC 296-54-541(4)

(4) Before raising spar trees, dummy trees shall be topped and guyed with three guylines equivalent in breaking strength to the mainline. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-541, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-543

General requirements.

WAC 296-54-543(1)

(1) Rigging.

WAC 296-54-543(1)(a)

(a) Rigging shall be arranged and operated so rigging or loads will not foul, or saw against lines, straps, blocks or other equipment.

WAC 296-54-543(1)(b)

(b) A thorough inspection of all blocks, straps, guylines and other rigging shall be made before they are placed in positions for use. Inspections shall include an examination for damaged, cracked or worn parts, loose nuts and bolts, and of lubrication, and the condition of straps and guylines. All necessary repairs or replacements for safe operation shall be made before the rigging is used.

WAC 296-54-543(1)(c)

(c) Rigging equipment, when not in use, shall be stored so as to not present a hazard to employees.

WAC 296-54-543(1)(d)

(d) Running lines shall be arranged so workers will not be required to work in the bight. When this is not possible, workers shall move out of the bight of lines before the lines are tightened or moved.

WAC 296-54-543(2)

(2) Shackles.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(a)

(a) Shackles with screw pins should have either a molle or cotter key when used to fasten guylines to spar trees.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(b)

(b) All shackles used to hang blocks, jacks, or rigging on trees or loading booms shall have the pins fastened by a nut secured with a cotter pin or molle. When used, molles shall be as large as the pin hole will accommodate and with the loose ends rolled in.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(c)

(c) The size of the opening between the jaws of shackles used to hang blocks, jacks, rigging, and for joining or attaching lines, shall not be more than one inch greater than the size of the rope, swivel, shackle, or similar device to which it is attached.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(d)

(d) All shackles used for mainline or skyline extensions shall be of a type designed for that purpose.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(e)

(e) Shackles used other than for mainline extension connections, shall be of the screw-pin type or with the pin secured by a nut and cotter pin or molle, except as specified elsewhere for specific purposes.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(f)

(f) Shackles, swivels, links and tree plates shall be replaced or repaired when they will not safely support the imposed strains of their intended use.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(g)

(g) Shackles shall not be loaded in excess of the working load recommended by the manufacturer.

WAC 296-54-543(2)(h)

(h) All shackles must be made of forged steel or material of equivalent strength and one size larger than the line it connects.

WAC 296-54-543(3)

(3) Straps.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(a)

(a) Safety straps of appropriate size shall be placed on all high lead blocks; also other blocks whenever practicable. Safety straps shall be shackled, with closed end of shackle up, to a guyline which extends as near as possible at right angles with power unit, but shall not be placed on a guyline having an extension within one hundred feet of the tree. When the top guyline on which the safety strap of the high lead block is fastened is changed, safety strap must be attached to another guyline or loosened guyline tightened after change.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(b)

(b) All tree straps shall be at least 1/4-inch larger than the pulling line. If impossible to use safety strap, all tree straps shall be 1/2-inch larger than the pulling line.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(c)

(c) All straps in back of show must be as large as the running line.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(d)

(d) All blocks other than passline and straw line lead blocks shall be hung in both eyes or "D's" of straps. Threading eye through eye is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(e)

(e) Skyline jack shall not be hung by double strap through shackle and hanging jack in two eyes.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(f)

(f) Tree straps shall initially be made of new wire rope when made up. They shall be replaced when there is evidence of damage or broken wires.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(g)

(g) A guyline safety strap or equivalent device shall be installed at the top of metal spars to prevent guylines from falling more than five feet in case of structural or mechanical failure of the guyline attachment.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(h)

(h) Metal spar guyline safety straps or equivalent devices shall be equal to the strength of the guyline.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(i)

(i) Nylon straps may be used in accordance with manufacturer recommendations.

WAC 296-54-543(3)(j)

(j) Nylon straps shall be removed from service when the wear reaches the limits prescribed by the manufacturer. The person responsible for inspecting the condition of rigging shall be aware of these limits.

WAC 296-54-543(4)

(4) Guylines.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(a)

(a) All component parts of the guyline system on head tree shall be of equal or greater strength than the mainline and guylines shall be properly spaced to effectively oppose the pull of the mainline.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(b)

(b) Guylines on wood spar trees shall be secured to solid stumps with not less than two and one-half complete wraps with at least six staples or eight railroad spikes driven solidly into sound wood on the first and last wrap. The bark shall be removed and the stump adequately notched or other equivalent means shall be used to prevent movement of the line on the stump or tree. Guyline stumps shall be inspected periodically. Guylines may be secured to properly installed "deadmen" when suitable stumps are not available. It is permissible, on the tail tree, to secure the guylines by placing three wraps around a tree or stump and securing them properly by use of clamps.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(c)

(c) When a mainline of 7/8-inch or less is used, the spar shall be supported by at least five top guylines or other positive means of supporting the spar.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(d)

(d) When tail hold on skyline is choked on stump, there shall be no excessive bight against shackle.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(e)

(e) In removing guylines and skylines from stumps, etc.:

WAC 296-54-543(4)(e)(i)

(i) A reversed safety wrap shall be put on and secured before loosening the last wrap.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(e)(ii)

(ii) An experienced person shall be in charge loosening guylines or skylines using proper precautions, and giving warning before lines are released.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(e)(iii)

(iii) Safety holdbacks shall be used when necessary for the safety of workers.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(e)(iv)

(iv) Powder or power shall be used for releasing the last wrap on skylines.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(f)

(f) Guylines shall be used with any logging equipment when required by the equipment manufacturer.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(g)

(g) Guying shall not be less than the minimum recommended by the equipment manufacturer.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(h)

(h) Top guys on vertical metal and wooden spars which require five or more guylines shall be so arranged that at least three guys oppose the pull of the load, with at least one guyline anchored adjacent to the yarding quarter.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(i)

(i) Guylines shall be of plow steel or better material, and shall be maintained in good condition.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(j)

(j) When side blocking or lateral yarding, lateral stability to the head spar tree shall be insured by guylines sufficient in number, breaking strength and spacing.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(k)

(k) All guylines shall be kept well tightened while the spar, tree, equipment or rigging they support is in use.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(l)

(l) All trees that interfere with proper alignment, placement or tightening of guylines shall be felled.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(m)

(m) Guylines shall be hung in a manner to prevent a bight or fouling when they are tightened.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(n)

(n) All spliced guyline eyes shall be tucked at least three times.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(o)

(o) Extensions to guylines shall be:

WAC 296-54-543(4)(o)(i)

(i) Equal in strength to the guyline to which they are attached; and

WAC 296-54-543(4)(o)(ii)

(ii) Connected only by a shackle connecting two spliced eyes or by double-end hooks. Connections shall have at least one and one-half times the strength of the guyline.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(p)

(p) Portable metal spars and their appurtenances shall be inspected by a qualified person each time the spar is lowered and at any time its safe condition is in doubt. When damage from over-stress is noted or suspected, the part in question shall be inspected by a suitable method and found to be safe, or the part repaired or replaced before the spar is again used.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(q)

(q) No person shall go up a raised metal spar unless suitable passline equipment is provided and used.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(r)

(r) Repairs, modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of metal spars shall be made only under the direction of a registered engineer and within the manufacturer's recommendations.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(r)(i)

(i) In no case shall the original safety factor of the equipment be reduced.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(r)(ii)

(ii) If such modifications or additions are made, the identification plate required by WAC 296-54-553(1) shall reflect such changes.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(s)

(s) When using skylines 7/8-inch or smaller, tail trees shall be supported by at least two guylines when the rigging is placed on the tail tree at a height greater than five times the tree diameter (dbh) or higher than ten feet from the highest ground point, whichever is lower.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(t)

(t) When using skylines one inch or larger, tail trees shall be supported by at least four guylines when the rigging is placed on the tail tree at a height greater than five times the tree diameter (dbh) or higher than ten feet from the highest ground point whichever is lower.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(u)

(u) Tail trees shall be supported by additional guylines if necessary to insure stability of the tree.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(v)

(v) Wood head spar trees shall be guyed as follows:

WAC 296-54-543(4)(v)(i)

(i) All spar trees one hundred ten feet and over in height shall be provided with a minimum of six top guys and three buckle guys, each of which shall be substantially equal in strength to the strength of the mainline. This requirement, however, shall not be construed as applying where more than three buckle guys are specifically required.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(v)(ii)

(ii) Spar trees used for loading and yarding at the same time, or for loading and swinging at the same time, or supporting a skyline yarding system, shall have not less than six top and four buckle guylines each of which shall be substantially equal in strength to the strength of the mainline.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(v)(iii)

(iii) Spar trees under one hundred ten feet high used only for yarding with heavy equipment (over 7/8-inch mainline) shall have not less than six top guys each of which shall be substantially equal in strength to the strength of the mainline.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(v)(iv)

(iv) Spar trees used for yarding with light equipment (7/8-inch or smaller mainline) shall be guyed in such a manner that strains will be imposed on not less than two guylines. If less than five top guys are used, guylines shall be at least 1/4-inch larger than the mainline.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(v)(v)

(v) More guylines shall be added if there is any doubt as to the stability of any spar tree, raised tree, tail trees and lift trees, or other equipment or rigging they support.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(w)

(w) Guylines shall alternately be passed around the wood spar in opposite directions to prevent twisting of the spar.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(x)

(x) Guylines shall be attached to the upper portion of the wood spar by means of shackles.

WAC 296-54-543(4)(y)

(y) A-frames shall be guyed by at least two quarter-guylines and one snap guyline or equivalent means to prevent A-frame from tipping back.

WAC 296-54-543(5)

(5) Anchoring.

WAC 296-54-543(5)(a)

(a) Stump anchors used for fastening guylines and skylines shall be carefully chosen as to position, height and strength. When necessary, stump anchors shall be tied back in a manner that will distribute the load.

WAC 296-54-543(5)(b)

(b) Stump anchors shall be barked where attachments are to be made, or devices designed to accomplish the same purpose shall be used.

WAC 296-54-543(5)(c)

(c) Stump anchors shall be notched to a depth not greater than one and one-half times the diameter of the line to be attached.

WAC 296-54-543(5)(d)

(d) Deadman anchors may be used if properly installed. Guylines shall not be directly attached to deadman anchors. Suitable straps or equally effective means shall be used for this purpose.

WAC 296-54-543(5)(e)

(e) Rock bolts and other types of imbedded anchors may be used if properly designed and installed.

WAC 296-54-543(5)(f)

(f) Stumps, trees and imbedded type guyline anchors shall be regularly inspected while the operation is in progress. Insecure or hazardous anchors shall be immediately corrected.

WAC 296-54-543(5)(g)

(g) Workers shall not stand close to the stump, or in the bight of lines as the guyline or wraps are being tightened.

WAC 296-54-543(6)

(6) Blocks.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(a)

(a) All blocks shall:

WAC 296-54-543(6)(a)(i)

(i) Not be used for heavier strains or lines than those for which they are constructed;

WAC 296-54-543(6)(a)(ii)

(ii) Be fitted with line guards and shall be designed and used in a manner that prevents fouling, with the exception of special line blocks not designed with line guards;

WAC 296-54-543(6)(a)(iii)

(iii) Be kept in proper alignment when in use;

WAC 296-54-543(6)(a)(iv)

(iv) Have bearing and yoke pins of a material that will safely withstand the strains imposed and shall be securely fastened;

WAC 296-54-543(6)(a)(v)

(v) Have sheaves of a size designed for the size of the wire rope used.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(b)

(b) Blocks with cracked or excessively worn sheaves shall not be used.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(c)

(c) Lead blocks used for yarding, swinging, loading and unloading used in wood spars shall:

WAC 296-54-543(6)(c)(i)

(i) Be of the type and construction designed for this purpose;

WAC 296-54-543(6)(c)(ii)

(ii) Be bolted with not less than two bolts through the shells below the sheaves in a manner that will retain the sheave and line in case of bearing pin failure (this does not apply to haulback lead blocks); and

WAC 296-54-543(6)(c)(iii)

(iii) Mainline blocks shall have a sheave diameter of not less than twenty times the diameter of the mainline.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(d)

(d) Block bearing shall be kept well lubricated.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(e)

(e) All blocks must be of steel construction or of material of equal or greater strength and so hung that they will not strike or interfere with other blocks or rigging.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(f)

(f) All pins in blocks shall be properly secured by "Molle Hogans" or keys of the largest size the pin hole will accommodate. When blocks are hung in trees, threaded pins and nuts shall be used.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(g)

(g) Sufficient corner or tail blocks to distribute the stress on anchors and attachments shall be used on all logging systems.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(h)

(h) Blocks used to lead lines directly to yarding, loading or unloading machines other than passline or strawline blocks shall be hung by the following method: In both eyes or "D"s of straps; threading eye through eye is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-543(6)(i)

(i) Tail, side or corner blocks used in yarding shall be hung in both eyes of straps.

WAC 296-54-543(7)

(7) Wire rope.

WAC 296-54-543(7)(a)

(a) Wire rope shall be of the same or better grade as originally recommended by the equipment manufacturer.

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)

(b) Wire rope shall be removed from service when any of the following conditions exist:

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)(i)

(i) In running ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay;

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)(ii)

(ii) Wear of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires. Kinking, crushing, bird-caging, or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure;

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)(iii)

(iii) Evidence of any heat damage from any cause;

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)(iv)

(iv) Reductions from nominal diameter of more than 3/64-inch for diameters to and including 3/4-inch, 1/16-inch for diameters 7/8-inch to 1-1/8-inch, inclusive, 3/32-inch for diameters 1-1/4-inches to 1-1/2-inches inclusive;

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)(v)

(v) In standing ropes, more than two broken wires in one lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken wire at an end connection;

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)(vi)

(vi) In standing ropes, when twelve and one-half percent of the wires are broken within a distance of one wrap (lay); and

WAC 296-54-543(7)(b)(vii)

(vii) Corroded, damaged or improperly applied end connections.

WAC 296-54-543(7)(c)

(c) Wire rope shall be kept lubricated as conditions of use require.

WAC 296-54-543(8)

(8) Splicing wire rope.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(a)

(a) Marlin spikes or needles in good condition and large enough for the size of the line being spliced, shall be used for splicing.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(b)

(b) When available, and practical to use, a patented wire cutter shall be used. If using a wire axe to cut cable, the hammer used to strike the axe shall be made of soft nonspalling type material. Eye and face protection shall be worn in accordance with WAC 296-54-511(2).

WAC 296-54-543(8)(c)

(c) Short splices, eye to eye splices, cat's paws, knots, molles and rolled eyes are prohibited except for use in the moving of slack lines. Knots will be permitted for use on single drum tractors and grapple pick-up lines when properly tied.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(d)

(d) Wire rope 1/2-inch or less in diameter may be tucked two times provided the rope is used only as straw line.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(e)

(e) Splices other than eye splices in lang lay lines are prohibited. Eye splices in lang lay lines shall be tucked at least four times.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(f)

(f) Long splices shall be used for permanently joining "regular lay" running lines.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(g)

(g) When U-bolt wire rope clips (clamps) are used to form eyes on high strength wire rope, an additional clip (clamp) for each grade of line above improved plow steel shall be used over and above the following table: (See Figure No. 2, following this section, for proper application of wire rope clips.)

Improved Number of Minimum

Plow Steel Clips Required Space

Diameter Drop Other Between

of Rope Forged Material Clips

----- ----- ----- -----

3/8 to

5/8 inch 3 4 3-3/4 inches

3/4 inch 4 5 4-1/2 inches

7/8 inch 4 5 5-1/4 inches

1 inch 5 6 6 inches

1-1/8 inch 6 6 6-3/4 inches

1-1/4 inch 6 7 7-1/2 inches

1-3/8 inch 7 7 8-1/4 inches

1-1/2 inch 7 8 9 inches

WAC 296-54-543(8)(h)

(h) All line eye splices shall be tucked at least three full tucks. D's and knobs are recommended for line ends.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(i)

(i) Two lines may be connected by a long splice, or by shackles or patent links of the next size larger than the line being used where practical. Double "Molle Hogans" may be used on drop lines only and single "Molle Hogans" may be used on strawline.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(j)

(j) Splicing of two lines together for loading line or pass line is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-543(8)(k)

(k) Safe margin of line must be used for making long splices. The following table shows comparative safe lengths as to size of cable in making long splices:

To Be

Rope Diameter Unravelled Total Length

----- ----- -----

1/4" 8' 16'

3/8" 8' 16'

1/2" 10' 20'

5/8" 13' 26'

3/4" 15' 30'

7/8" 18' 36'

1 " 20' 40'

1-1/8" 23' 46'

1-1/4" 25' 50'

1-3/8" 28' 56'

1-1/2" 30' 60'

1-5/8" 33' 66'

1-3/4" 35' 70'

1-7/8" 38' 76'

2 " 40' 80'

WAC 296-54-543(9)

(9) Miscellaneous requirements.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(a)

(a) All lines, straps, blocks, shackles, swivels, etc., shall be inspected frequently and shall be used only when found to be in good condition. Such items shall be of sufficient size and strength as to safely withstand the stress which can be imposed by the maximum pull of the power unit against such equipment or devices as rigged or used in that particular logging operation.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(b)

(b) When used or second-hand cables are purchased, they shall not be used for any purpose until inspection determines they will withstand the maximum imposed strain.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(c)

(c) Skyline shall be anchored by placing three full wraps around tail hold and staples or spikes shall be used to securely hold each wrap or choked and secured with a shackle or three wraps and at least three clamps securely tightened.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(d)

(d) When using haulback lines greater than 7/8-inch diameter on interlocking drum-type yarders, additional precautions shall be taken to prevent the corner blocks or tail blocks from dislodging the anchors to which the blocks are secured.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(e)

(e) Where "dutchman" is used, either for yarding or on skyline, a block of heavy construction must be used. Regular tree shoe or jack may be used for "dutchman" on skyline. Cable must be fastened securely.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(f)

(f) Choker drops shall be connected to the butt rigging by knobs or shackles. The use of molles or cold shuts is prohibited in all components of the butt rigging. All butt rigging shall be designed to prevent loss of chokers and defective swivels shall not be used. Open hooks shall not be used to connect lines to the buttrigging.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(g)

(g) When heel tackle is fastened near machine, safety line must be placed in such manner that in case of breakage, lines shall not strike power unit and endanger operator.

WAC 296-54-543(9)(h)

(h) Only in case of necessity shall any metallic object be driven into a log. The metal must be removed immediately when splice or other work is completed. Stumps shall be used whenever possible for splicing.

Put Clips On Right

WAC 296-54-543, Figure No. 2 1240

Figure No. 2

Clips should be spaced at least six rope diameters apart to get the maximum holding power and should always be attached with the base or saddle of the clip against the longer or "live" end of the rope. The "U" bolt goes over the dead end. This is the only right way. Do not reverse the clips or stagger them. Otherwise the "U" bolt will cut into the live rope when the load is applied. After the rope has been used and is under tension, the clips should again be tightened to take up any looseness caused by the tension reducing the rope diameter. Remember that even when properly applied, a clip fastening has only about eighty percent of the strength of the rope and far less than that when on wrong.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-543, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-543, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-545

Rigging--Wood spar trees.

WAC 296-54-545(1)

(1) Wood spar trees shall be of sound material of sufficient size and strength to withstand any stresses which may be imposed by any equipment used for that specific operation. The top of the tree shall extend not more than sixteen feet above the top guylines on spar trees over fifty feet in height. Spar trees less than fifty feet in height shall extend no more than eight feet above the top guylines. School marms used as spar trees shall be topped at the forks. Spar trees, except cedar, must be barked where guylines, straps, bull blocks and tree plates are placed.

WAC 296-54-545(2)

(2) Spar trees must be topped and limbs must be cut off close so that running lines will not foul or saw on protruding knots.

WAC 296-54-545(3)

(3) At least four tree plates shall be placed under top guylines on spar trees over fifty feet in height and at least three tree plates shall be used on spar trees less than fifty feet in height.

WAC 296-54-545(4)

(4) Tree plates shall be equipped with lugs or other suitable means of holding them in place.

WAC 296-54-545(5)

(5) When spar trees are raised, stumps used for snubbing shall be properly notched. Guylines shall be held by some mechanical means. Snubbing by hand is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-545(6)

(6) All rub trees shall be limbed and topped.

WAC 296-54-545(7)

(7) Guylines.

WAC 296-54-545(7)(a)

(a) Wood spar trees using a line greater than 7/8-inch and used as loading and yarding trees shall have at least six top guys and four buckle guys, providing a sail guy is used.

WAC 296-54-545(7)(b)

(b) Wood spar trees using a mainline greater than 7/8-inch and used only as yarding trees shall have at least six top guys and, at least three buckle guys shall be used.

WAC 296-54-545(7)(c)

(c) Wood spar trees used for loading only with crotch line, spreader bar or swinging boom shall have at least four top guys and, at least three buckle guys shall be used.

WAC 296-54-545(7)(d)

(d) Wood spar trees used for any skyline system of logging shall have additional guylines as are necessary to assure rigidity of tree at skyline jack, skidding block, receding and transfer line blocks, and loading rigging.

WAC 296-54-545(7)(e)

(e) Wood spar trees used for transfer shall have at least five top guys and, at least three buckle guys shall be used.

WAC 296-54-545(7)(f)

(f) When high lead block is hung below buckle guys, at least three top guys of equal strength to the mainline shall be used to keep the top from swaying.

WAC 296-54-545(7)(g)

(g) When buckle guys are required, they shall be installed on the tree where they will provide the maximum effectiveness.

WAC 296-54-545(8)

(8) Loose material such as bark, spikes, straps or chains not in use and slabs caused by bumping logs of chafing straps must be removed from the spar tree. Heavy bark shall be removed from trees used for a permanent installation. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-545, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-547

Rigging--Tail tree.

WAC 296-54-547(1)

(1) No work shall continue on tail tree while the climber is working on the head tree or vice versa, if trees are connected by any line.

WAC 296-54-547(2)

(2) Tail trees shall be adequately guyed to withstand any stress to which the tree may be subjected. Live (slackline) or standing skylines may be anchored to the base of standing trees only if no part of the tree will enter the work area (cutting unit) if pulled over. The guyline shall be anchored as low as possible to the base of the tree. If using a live (slackline) standing or running (Grabinski) skyline, the tail tree need not be topped provided the slackline or skyline passes through a jack or block on the tree before being anchored. At least two guylines shall be installed to support the tail tree and may be anchored to the base of standing trees if the above conditions are complied with. Attaching the end of the skyline or slackline to the base of the tail tree is prohibited.

Note: See Figure No. 3 for rigging illustrations.

WAC 296-54-547, Illus. 1, Figure No. 3 1930 [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-547, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-549

Lines, straps and guyline attachments--Steel spars.

WAC 296-54-549(1)

(1) When in use, steel tower guyline safety straps shall have a minimum amount of slack.

WAC 296-54-549(2)

(2) A safety strap shall be installed on steel towers at the bight of the guylines to prevent the guylines from falling in the case of failure of guyline attachments, guyline lug rings or collar plates, where such exist. Such devices shall have a breaking strength at least equivalent to that of the guylines.

WAC 296-54-549(3)

(3) The use of cable clips or clamps for joining the ends of steel tower guylines safety straps is prohibited, unless used to secure end of rolled eye. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-549, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-549, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-551

Yarding, loading and skidding machines--General requirements.

79-46 WISHA Regional Directive 79-46

WAC 296-54-551(1)

(1) Yarding, loading and skidding machines shall be operated only by experienced authorized personnel, except that inexperienced personnel may operate machines in accordance with WAC 296-54-515(2).

WAC 296-54-551(2)

(2) Overhead protection and other barriers shall be installed to protect the operator from lines, limbs and other moving materials on or over all yarding, loading or skidding machines. Construction shall be so the view of the operator is not impaired. Barriers shall consist of metal screen constructed of 1/4-inch diameter woven wire material with maximum two inch openings or 3/4-inch diameter steel rod with eight inch maximum openings. Such barriers shall be installed no closer than four inches to the glass.

WAC 296-54-551(3)

(3) When using a yarder, loader or skidding machine, the location of the machine or position of the yarder shall be such that the operator will not be endangered by incoming logs or debris.

WAC 296-54-551(4)

(4) Logging machines and their components shall be securely anchored to their bases.

WAC 296-54-551(5)

(5) A safe and adequate means of access and egress to all parts of logging machinery where persons must go shall be provided and maintained in a safe condition.

WAC 296-54-551(6)

(6) Any logging equipment having a single cab entrance door, shall be equipped with an alternate means of escape from the cab should the door be blocked in the event of vehicle rollover or fire. Door latches shall be operable from both sides.

WAC 296-54-551(7)

(7) Logging machines shall be kept free of flammable waste materials and any materials which might contribute to slipping, tripping or falling.

WAC 296-54-551(8)

(8) Logging machine engines shall be stopped during inspection or repairing, except where operation is required for adjustment.

WAC 296-54-551(9)

(9) Grab rails shall be provided and maintained in good repair on all walkways of stationary units elevated more than four feet. Walkway surfaces on such units shall be of the slip-proof type.

WAC 296-54-551(10)

(10) Standard safeguards shall be provided at every place on a machine where persons may be exposed to contact with revolving parts or pinchpoints during normal operations.

WAC 296-54-551(11)

(11) To protect workers from exposure to the hazardous pinchpoint area between the rotating superstructure and the nonrotating undercarriage of any logging machine, signs shall be conspicuously posted on all sides of that type machine warning workers: "DANGER - STAY CLEAR."

WAC 296-54-551(12)

(12) Items of personal property, tools or other miscellaneous materials shall not be stored on or near any logging machine if retrieval of such items would expose a worker to the hazardous pinchpoint referred to in subsection (11) of this section.

WAC 296-54-551(13)

(13) Workers shall approach the hazardous pinchpoint area referenced in subsection (11) of this section, only after informing the operator of their intent and receiving acknowledgment from the operator that he understands their intention. All such machines shall be stopped while any worker is in the hazardous pinchpoint area.

WAC 296-54-551(14)

(14) A minimum distance of thirty-six inch clearance shall be maintained between the counterweight of a loading machine and trees, logs, banks, trucks, etc., while the machine is in operation. If this clearance cannot be maintained, suitable barricades with warning signs attached, similar to a standard guardrail, shall be installed to isolate the hazardous area. "DANGER--36 inch clearance" shall be marked in contrasting colors on sides and face of counterweight on shovels, loaders and other swing-type logging equipment. This requirement shall not apply when:

WAC 296-54-551(14)(a)

(a) The distance from the highest point of the undercarriage to the lowest point of the rotating superstructure is greater than 18-inches. This applies only to that portion of the rotating superstructure that swings directly over the undercarriage;

WAC 296-54-551(14)(b)

(b) The distance from the ground to the lowest point of the rotating superstructure is greater than five feet six inches. This applies only to that portion of the rotating superstructure that swings directly over the undercarriage; or

WAC 296-54-551(14)(c)

(c) On crawler-type track-mounted logging machines only, the rotating superstructure is positioned at a right angle to the tracks, and the distance from the side of the cab to the extreme end of the track is four feet or less. This exemption shall apply to side barricades only; barricades between the tracks at both ends of any crawler-type logging machine are required regardless of the right angle dimension.

WAC 296-54-551(15)

(15) Logging machines shall not be operated until all guards have been installed, safety devices activated and maintenance equipment removed.

WAC 296-54-551(16)

(16) Stationary logging machines shall be securely anchored to prevent movement of the machine while yarding or skidding.

WAC 296-54-551(17)

(17) Ends of drum lines shall be securely fastened to the drum and at least three wraps shall be maintained on the drum at all times. (This rule does not apply to tractor winch lines.)

WAC 296-54-551(18)

(18) Such units shall not be tied to any part of the towing unit, when they are being moved on truck and trailer units.

WAC 296-54-551(19)

(19) Logs shall not be moved, swung or held over any persons.

WAC 296-54-551(20)

(20) Brow logs in the loading or unloading area shall be blocked or secured to prevent movement. Log decks shall be maintained in a safe condition and shall not present a hazard of logs rolling or sliding on workers.

WAC 296-54-551(21)

(21) Brakes shall be set and brake locking devices engaged on logging machines when the operator leaves his normal operating position.

WAC 296-54-551(22)

(22) Guyline drum controls and outrigger controls shall be separated, color coded or marked in a manner that will prevent engaging of the wrong control.

WAC 296-54-551(23)

(23) Exhaust pipes shall be located or insulated to protect workers from accidental contact with the pipes or muffler and shall direct exhaust gases away from the operator and other persons.

WAC 296-54-551(24)

(24) Glass on logging machines shall be safety glass or equivalent and shall be free of deposits of oil, mud, or defects that could endanger the operator or other persons.

WAC 296-54-551(25)

(25) Broken or defective glass shall be removed and replaced.

WAC 296-54-551(26)

(26) Where safety glass or equivalent, does not provide adequate operator protection from flying chokers, chunks, saplings, limbs, etc., an additional metal screen and/or barrier shall be provided over the safety glass. The operator's vision shall not be impaired. Barriers shall consist of 1/4-inch diameter woven wire material with maximum two inch openings, 3/4-inch diameter steel rod with eight inch maximum openings in any direction or barriers so designed and constructed to provide equivalent operator protection. Such barriers shall be installed no closer than four inches to the glass to enable keeping the glass clean.

WAC 296-54-551(27)

(27) Except for hydraulic drums, brakes shall be installed on all logging machines and maintained in effective working condition. Brake levers shall be provided with a ratchet or other effective means for securely holding drums. Brakes shall be tested prior to putting the machine in operation. If defective, they shall be repaired immediately.

WAC 296-54-551(28)

(28) A stable base shall be provided under outriggers or leveling pads and a means shall be provided to hold outriggers in both the retracted and extended position.

WAC 296-54-551(29)

(29) Abrasive contact with hydraulic hose, tubing or fittings shall be eliminated before further use and defective hydraulic hoses, lines and fittings shall be replaced.

WAC 296-54-551(30)

(30) When moving logging machines, the driver or operator shall have a clear and unobstructed view of the direction of travel. When this is not possible, a signalperson with a clear and unobstructed view of the direction of travel shall be designated and used to direct movement of the machine.

WAC 296-54-551(31)

(31) Where a signalperson is used, the equipment operator shall move the equipment only on signal from the designated signalperson and only when the signal is distinct and clearly understood.

WAC 296-54-551(32)

(32) When moving power units, persons other than the operator and the person in charge shall not be permitted to ride thereon.

WAC 296-54-551(33)

(33) All obstructions which may reach the operator while moving machines, shall be removed.

WAC 296-54-551(34)

(34) Only shackles with threaded pins shall be used for connecting moving rigging.

WAC 296-54-551(35)

(35) Anchors used for moving power units shall be carefully chosen and must be stable.

WAC 296-54-551(36)

(36) When snubbing a machine down a steep slope, use the mainline for snubbing and pull with the haulback whenever possible.

WAC 296-54-551(37)

(37) Self-powered mobile logging machines of the type where towers or spars can be raised, shall not travel on steep road grades unless they are securely snubbed or towed.

WAC 296-54-551(38)

(38) When moving, all persons working on the landing shall stay in the clear of the machine and shall inform the operator of their intention to approach or be near the machine.

WAC 296-54-551(39)

(39) Service brakes shall be provided on crawler crane-type logging machines that will bring the machine to a complete stop from normal travel speeds.

WAC 296-54-551(40)

(40) A traction lock or brake or an equivalent locking and braking system shall be provided on crawler crane-type machines that is capable of holding the machine stationary under normal working conditions, and on any grade the machine is capable of negotiating.

WAC 296-54-551(41)

(41) No modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment shall be made by the employer without written approval of the manufacturer or a qualified engineer. If such modifications or changes are made, the capacity, operation and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals, shall be changed accordingly. In no case shall the original safety factor of the equipment be reduced.

WAC 296-54-551(42)

(42) Equipment shall be classed and used according to the manufacturer's rating. Where low gear ratios or other devices are installed to increase the line pull in accordance with subsection (42) of this section, the size of the rigging shall be increased accordingly so that it will safely withstand the increased strains.

WAC 296-54-551(43)

(43) Every tractor, skidder, front-end loader, scraper, grader and dozer shall be equipped with a roll-over protective structure (R.O.P.S.). Such structures shall be installed, tested and maintained in accordance with:

WAC 296-54-551(43)(a)

(a) WAC 296-155-950 through WAC 296-155-965 of the safety standards for construction, if manufactured prior to the effective date of this chapter.

WAC 296-54-551(43)(b)

(b) The society of automotive engineers SAE 1040a-1975, "performance criteria for roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for earthmoving, construction, logging and industrial vehicles," if manufactured after the effective date of this chapter.

WAC 296-54-551(44)

(44) The ROPS shall be of sufficient height and width so that it will not impair the movements of the operator or prevent his immediate escape from the vehicle in emergencies and shall allow as much visibility as possible. Clearance above the deck and the ROPS of the vehicle at points of egress shall not be less than fifty-two inches.

WAC 296-54-551(45)

(45) Certified roll-over protective systems shall be identified by a metal tag permanently attached to the ROPS in a position where it may be easily read from the ground. The tag shall be permanently and clearly stamped, etched or embossed indicating the name and address of the certifying manufacturer or registered professional engineer, the ROPS model number (if any) and the vehicle make, model or serial number the ROPS is designed to fit.

WAC 296-54-551(46)

(46) Roll-over protective structure systems shall be maintained in a manner that will preserve their original strength. Welding shall be performed by qualified welders only. (A qualified welder is defined under "welder qualification" in American Welding Society A.W.S. A3.0-69.)

WAC 296-54-551(47)

(47) Every tractor, skidder, front-end loader, log stacker, forklift truck, scraper, grader and dozer shall be equipped with a FOPS. Such structures shall be installed, tested and maintained in accordance with the society of automotive engineers SAE J231-1971, "minimum performance criteria for falling object protective structures (F.O.P.S.)."

WAC 296-54-551(48)

(48) Vehicles equipped with ROPS or FOPS as required in subsections (43) and (47) of this section, shall comply with the society of automotive engineers SAE J397a-1972, "deflection limiting volume for laboratory evaluation of roll-over protective structures (ROPS) and falling object protective structures (FOPS) of construction and industrial vehicles."

WAC 296-54-551(49)

(49) The opening in the rear of the ROPS on the crawler or rubber-tired tractors (skidders) shall be covered with 1/4-inch diameter woven wire having not less than 1-1/2-inches or more than 2-inch mesh, or material which will afford equivalent protection for the operator. The covering shall be affixed to the structural members so that ample clearance is provided between the screen and the back of the operator. Structural members shall be free from projections which would tend to puncture or tear flesh or clothing. Suitable safeguards or barricades shall be installed, in addition to the screen, to protect the operator when there is a possibility of being struck by any material that could enter from the rear.

WAC 296-54-551(50)

(50) Crawler and rubber-tired tractors (skidders) working in areas where limbs or brush may endanger the operator shall be guarded. Shear or deflector guards shall be installed on each side of the vehicle at an angle leading forward and down from the top front edge of the canopy of the vehicle, which will tend to slide the brush or limbs up and over the top of the canopy. Open mesh material with openings of a size that will reject the entrance of an object larger than 1-3/4-inches in diameter, shall be extended forward as far as possible from the rear corners of the cab sides to give the maximum protection against obstacles, branches, etc. entering the cab area. Deflectors shall also be installed ahead of the operator to deflect whipping saplings and branches. These shall be located so as not to impede ingress or egress from the compartment area. The floor and lower portion of the cab shall be completely enclosed with solid material, except at entrances, to prevent the operator from being injured by obstacles which otherwise could enter the cab compartment.

WAC 296-54-551(51)

(51) Enclosures for agricultural and industrial tractors manufactured after September 1, 1972, shall be constructed, designed and installed as detailed in the society of automotive engineers technical report J168.

WAC 296-54-551(52)

(52)

WAC 296-54-551(52)(a)

(a) All bidirectional machines, such as rollers, compactors, front-end loaders, log stackers, log loaders, bulldozers, shovels, and similar equipment, shall be equipped with a horn distinguishable from the surrounding noise level, which shall be operated as needed when the machine is moving in either direction. The horn shall be maintained in an operative condition.

WAC 296-54-551(52)(b)

(b) No employer shall permit earthmoving, compacting, or yarding equipment, which has an obstructed view to the rear, to be used in reverse gear unless the equipment has in operation a reverse signal alarm distinguishable from the surrounding noise level or an employee signals that it is safe to do so. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-551, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-551, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-553

Yarding, loading and skidding machines--Mobile towers and boom-type yarding and loading machines.

WAC 296-54-553(1)

(1) Portable (mobile) tower specification plate. A specification plate shall be permanently attached to the base of each portable (mobile) tower so it can be easily read by a person standing on the ground or on the base platform. It shall contain the following information:

WAC 296-54-553(1)(a)

(a) Name and address of manufacturer and model number;

WAC 296-54-553(1)(b)

(b) The maximum diameter of the mainline or skyline for which the unit is designed and size of haulback and mainline to be used together if drums are interlocking or automatic tensioning type;

WAC 296-54-553(1)(c)

(c) The number and size of guylines required to stabilize the unit;

WAC 296-54-553(1)(d)

(d) The maximum length and capacity of a loading boom or similar equipment which may be attached if the structure is engineered for such;

WAC 296-54-553(1)(e)

(e) If the unit is designed for use on any skyline system of logging; and

WAC 296-54-553(1)(f)

(f) Maximum degree of inclination from vertical at which the spar (tower) may be used.

WAC 296-54-553(2)

(2) The critical parts of portable spars (towers) shall be inspected by a qualified person at reasonable intervals while in service and each time the spar (tower) is lowered. If indication of failure or weakness is noted or suspected, the part shall be inspected by an approved method and found to be safe, or it shall be repaired or replaced before the operation is allowed to proceed.

WAC 296-54-553(3)

(3) Blocks and fair leads shall be so located that there will be no chafing or sawing of any line or part of the structure.

WAC 296-54-553(4)

(4) (a) Power guylines used for stabilizing any unit may be choked around an adequately notched stump if using a shackle or approved choker attachment. Three full wraps or more must be placed around an adequately notched stump to secure the guyline if clamps are used. Guyline extensions shall be property shackled to the guylines.

WAC 296-54-553(4)(b)

(b) When using a deadman anchor to support a guyline, the connection shall be made by properly shackling both eyes of the anchor strap to the guyline.

WAC 296-54-553(4)(c)

(c) If guylines on metal spars or towers are not power guylines, they shall be secured to stumps or anchorages in the same manner as guylines on wood spar trees.

WAC 296-54-553(5)

(5) Power driven devices shall be securely anchored when used to tighten guylines. Holding of such devices manually is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-553(6)

(6) (a) Machines or equipment shall be stabilized by their design or the attachment of guylines or other devices which will prevent the machine from overturning. Machine operators shall be advised of the stability limitations of the equipment.

WAC 296-54-553(6)(b)

(b) If stabilization of a machine is dependent upon the use of hydraulic outriggers, a pilot operated hydraulic check valve or other locking device shall be installed to prohibit the outrigger from retracting in case a hydraulic line breaks, except when proper blocking is provided.

WAC 296-54-553(7)

(7) A qualified person shall direct each raising or lowering of a portable spar or tower.

WAC 296-54-553(8)

(8) All persons not engaged in the actual raising or lowering of portable spars or towers shall stay in the clear during such operations.

WAC 296-54-553(9)

(9) Guylines required in rigging spars or towers shall be evenly spooled to prevent fouling.

WAC 296-54-553(10)

(10) Portable spars or towers shall be leveled to provide even line spooling and avoid excessive stress on component parts.

WAC 296-54-553(11)

(11) The portable spar or tower shall be lowered or supported so the stability of the machine is not impaired during movement of the portable spar or tower.

WAC 296-54-553(12)

(12) Guylines of portable spars or towers shall not be anchored to standing trees if the unit is used for yarding as a head tree.

WAC 296-54-553(13)

(13) Timbers used for masts or booms shall be straight-grained, solid, and capable of withstanding the working load.

WAC 296-54-553(14)

(14) Boom points of timber booms shall be equipped with metal straps, plates, or other devices as needed to properly secure eyebolts and fittings used to support lines, blocks, or other rigging.

WAC 296-54-553(15)

(15) All mobile vehicles on which yarding equipment, towers, spars, masts or booms are installed, shall be maintained in a safe operating condition.

WAC 296-54-553(16)

(16) A-frames shall be secured against displacement and the tops shall be securely bolted or lashed to prevent displacement.

WAC 296-54-553(17)

(17) When any portable-type tower, A-frame or spar is used, the base shall be securely and solidly supported.

WAC 296-54-553(18)

(18) All loading, unloading and skidding machines shall be equipped with a horn or whistle which is audible above the surrounding noise level. Such horn or whistle shall be maintained in an operative condition. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-553, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-555

Yarding--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-555(1)

(1) Workers shall be alert and be positioned in the clear where they will not be exposed to the hazards of moving logs, saplings, root wads, chunks, rigging, or any other material which might be put in motion by the rigging or turn, before the "go ahead" signal is given. They shall remain in the clear at all times while the rigging is moving.

WAC 296-54-555(2)

(2) No person shall be near rigging which is stopped at a hangup, until the rigging has been slacked to reduce the hazard.

WAC 296-54-555(3)

(3) No person shall stand or remain within the bight of any running line, nor in a position where he could be struck by a line were it to break or come loose.

WAC 296-54-555(4)

(4) Whenever possible, chokers shall be set from the uphill side of a log. Persons shall not be on the lower side of a log which appears to be unstable or likely to roll.

WAC 296-54-555(5)

(5) Wire rope used for chokers shall not exceed seventy-five percent of the breaking strength of the mainline.

WAC 296-54-555(6)

(6) Chokers shall be placed near the end of the log whenever possible.

WAC 296-54-555(7)

(7) When pulling lines, do not stand close to fair leads or blocks.

WAC 296-54-555(8)

(8) Lines shall not be guided on drums with hands or feet. The use of a bar or equivalent means is recommended.

WAC 296-54-555(9)

(9) Yarding with more than one unit on any one head spar is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-555(10)

(10) The angle between the power unit, the high lead block, and the mainline road shall not exceed a square lead on rigged spars. When using portable spars or towers, the location of the machine or position of the operator shall be such that the operator shall not be endangered by incoming logs.

WAC 296-54-555(11)

(11) When there is danger of tail block straps slipping up or off the stump or tree, the stump or tree shall be adequately notched or the line properly wrapped and secured. When the tail tree or stump is not secure, it shall be tied back.

WAC 296-54-555(12)

(12) When yarding is being done during the hours of darkness, the area shall be provided with illumination which will allow persons to safely perform their duties. The source of illumination shall be located and directed creating a minimum of shadows and glare. If using a portable tail-hold, lights shall be directed on the equipment to allow the person to visually ascertain that the tail-hold equipment remains stabilized.

WAC 296-54-555(13)

(13) No person shall be required or allowed to ride on a turn of logs or rigging excepting the passline. The practice of holding on to moving rigging or chokers to assist a person by being pulled uphill shall be prohibited.

WAC 296-54-555(14)

(14) Wire rope shall be wound evenly on the drum and not be allowed to lap one layer on another in an irregular manner. Sheaves shall be smooth and free from defects that could cause rope damage.

WAC 296-54-555(15)

(15) Chaser shall be sure that turns are safely landed before approaching to remove the chokers.

WAC 296-54-555(16)

(16) Signaling machine operator at landings by throwing bark, chips or other material in the air is prohibited. Whistle or hand signals shall be used at all times.

WAC 296-54-555(17)

(17) Logs shall not be landed while loaders or chasers are working in the chutes. Logs shall not be removed from yarder tree by the loader or tractors while the chaser is unhooking a turn from the yarder.

WAC 296-54-555(18)

(18) Landings shall be as level as possible and of sufficient size to safely accommodate the majority of type turns to be yarded. At least two-thirds of the log shall rest on the ground or other substantial material when landed. Logs shall be set on the ground or deck and not dropped when being landed. Long sticks shall be safely removed before additional logs are landed.

WAC 296-54-555(19)

(19) Chokers shall not be used on a grapple system when the yarder operator cannot clearly see the persons setting the choker, unless conventional whistle signals are used.

WAC 296-54-555(20)

(20) Landings shall be free of root wads, limbs, tops, etc., that constitute a safety hazard.

WAC 296-54-555(21)

(21) When shorter logs are yarded in the same turn with long sticks, the shorter logs shall be landed and chokers released before the long stick choker is released.

Note: See Figures No. 4-A and 4-B for Standard Hand Signals for High Lead Logging.

WAC 296-54-555, Illus. 1, Figures No. 4A & 4B 1950 [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-555, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-555, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-557

Yarding--Tractors and skidders.

WAC 296-54-557(1)

(1) Operators shall ensure that all persons are safely in the clear before initiating or continuing the movement of any mobile equipment.

WAC 296-54-557(2)

(2) No person shall ride on any mobile equipment, except where adequate and protected seats, or other safe facilities have been provided.

WAC 296-54-557(3)

(3) While in use, tractors and skidders shall be maintained in a safe operable condition, with all guards in proper places.

WAC 296-54-557(4)

(4) No person shall be under a tractor or other mobile equipment, or be placed in a hazardous position around the equipment without first making certain it cannot move or be moved by another person.

WAC 296-54-557(5)

(5) Prior to working on tractor or skidder blades, arches, or other equipment, the equipment must be blocked up lowered to the ground or otherwise secured against slipping or falling. Prior to working on hydraulic equipment, the pressure shall be relieved.

WAC 296-54-557(6)

(6) When making repairs to tractor or skidder equipment, such as blades, arches, etc., the engine shall be stopped. The engine may be run when necessary for making adjustments to the engine or equipment.

WAC 296-54-557(7)

(7) Operators shall operate and control their machines in a safe manner and avoid operations in areas where machine stability may not be maintained.

WAC 296-54-557(8)

(8) The following safe work procedures shall be adhered to:

WAC 296-54-557(8)(a)

(a) When hobo logs are picked up with a log turn, the turn shall be dropped to free the hobo.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(b)

(b) No line shall be allowed to trail behind the tractor or skidder where it may hang up and snap forward.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(c)

(c) Winching at a severe angle, which could cause a hang-up to upset the machine, shall be avoided.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(d)

(d) Grapple skidded log turns shall be evenly bunched with squared butt ends, securely grappled and safely positioned before travel commences.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(e)

(e) Before climbing or descending grades, the proper gear shall be selected to allow the engine to govern the tractor speed.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(f)

(f) On side hills, an abrupt turn uphill shall be avoided. The tractor or skidder shall be backed downhill first then turned uphill. The turn may be slacked off as necessary to permit this maneuver.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(g)

(g) The operator shall, before leaving a tractor or skidder, lower the blade to the ground and apply the parking brake.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(h)

(h) Tractor or skidder speed shall be adjusted to the circumstances prevailing. Excessive or uncontrolled speed shall be avoided.

WAC 296-54-557(8)(i)

(i) Winch lines on logging tractors or skidders shall be attached to the drum with a break-away device.

WAC 296-54-557(9)

(9) When hand signals are required for giving instructions to the tractor or skidder operator, the signals as illustrated in Figure No. 5 shall be used.

WAC 296-54-557(10)

(10) Tractor and skidder brakes shall stop and hold the machine on any grade over which the machine is being operated. They shall be effective whether or not the engine is running and regardless of the direction of travel.

WAC 296-54-557(11)

(11) Tractors and skidders shall be provided with a brake locking device that will hold the machine indefinitely on any grade on which it is being operated.

WAC 296-54-557(12)

(12) Operating a tractor or skidder with defective steering or braking devices is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-557(13)

(13) Arches shall be equipped with line guards.

WAC 296-54-557(14)

(14) Where tractor and skidder operators or helpers, because of the nature or their work duties, are required to wear calk soled footwear, the decks and operating foot controls shall be covered with a suitable nonslip material.

WAC 296-54-557(15)

(15) Glass used in windshields or in cabs shall be of "safety glass." Broken or cracked glass shall be replaced as soon as practical. Barriers shall provided, as needed, to protect the glass from being broken by using screen, bars or other material. The protective material shall be a type that will not create a hazard by undue impairment of the operators' vision.

WAC 296-54-557(16)

(16) Barriers shall be constructed of at least 1/4-inch diameter woven wire with two inch maximum openings or other material providing equivalent protection. The barrier shall be installed at least four inches from the glass to provide space to clean the glass.

WAC 296-54-557(17)

(17) Enclosed-type cabs installed on mobile equipment shall have two means of exit. One may be deemed as an emergency exit and be available for use at all times, regardless of the position of the side arms or other movable parts of the machine. (An easily removable window will be acceptable as the emergency exit if it is of adequate size for a person to readily exit through.)

WAC 296-54-557(18)

(18) Seat belts shall be installed on tractors and other mobile equipment equipped with a roll-over protective system and shall be worn by the operator and passenger(s) at all times the vehicle is in motion. The seat belts and assemblies shall be designed, constructed and maintained to conform to the requirements specified in the society of automotive engineers technical report J386 or J333a. Seat belts need not be provided for equipment which is designed for stand-up operations.

WAC 296-54-557(19)

(19) If the equipment operator and person in charge of the jobsite agree that life safety of the operator is jeopardized by wearing a seat belt, the seat belt need not be worn.

WAC 296-54-557(20)

(20) Seat belts required by subsection (18) of this section, shall have buckles of the quick release type, designed to minimize the possibility of accidental release.

WAC 296-54-557(21)

(21) Before a tractor or skidder is started or moved, the operator shall be certain nothing is in the way that could be set in motion by the movement of the machine thereby endangering persons.

WAC 296-54-557(22)

(22) A log or turn shall not be moved until all persons are in the clear (behind the turn and on the uphill side on sloping ground).

WAC 296-54-557(23)

(23) Before the engine is shut-down, the brake locks shall be applied and all elements such as blades, buckets, grapples and shears shall be lowered to the ground.

WAC 296-54-557(24)

(24) Tractors or skidders shall not be operated within a radius of two tree heights of trees being felled unless called upon by the cutter or faller to ground lodged trees. All cutters shall be notified of the tractor or skidder entrance into the area and all felling within two tree lengths of the tractor or skidder shall be stopped.

WAC 296-54-557(25)

(25) Except where electrical distribution and transmission lines have been de-energized and visibly grounded at point of work or where insulating barriers, not a part of or an attachment to the equipment or machinery, have been erected to prevent physical contact with the lines, equipment or machines shall be operated proximate to power lines only in accordance with the following:

WAC 296-54-557(25)(a)

(a) For lines rated 50 kV or below, minimum clearance between the lines and any part of the equipment or machine shall be ten feet;

WAC 296-54-557(25)(b)

(b) For lines rated over 50 kV, minimum clearance between the lines and any part of the equipment or machine shall be ten feet plus 0.4 inch for each 1 kV over 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator, but never less than ten feet;

WAC 296-54-557(25)(c)

(c) In transit with no load and boom or extended equipment lowered, the equipment clearance shall be a minimum of four feet for voltages less than 50 kV, and ten feet for voltages over 50 kV up to and including 345 kV, and sixteen feet for voltages up to and including 750 kV;

WAC 296-54-557(25)(d)

(d) A person shall be designated to observe clearance of the equipment and give timely warning for all operations where it is difficult for the operator to maintain the desired clearance by visual means;

WAC 296-54-557(25)(e)

(e) Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical utility authorities indicate it is not an energized line and it has been visibly grounded.

WAC 296-54-557(26)

(26) Log piles and decks shall be located and constructed to provide working areas around them that will accommodate the safe movement of personnel and machinery.

WAC 296-54-557(27)

(27) Braking systems required by subsection (10) of this section, shall be capable of stopping the equipment fully loaded as specified in the society of automotive engineers technical reports listed in subdivisions (a), (b), (c) or (d) of this subsection and shall be installed by June 30, 1973. All rubber-tired tractors or other types of mobile equipment listed below, manufactured after the effective date of these standards, shall have braking systems and requirements specified in the applicable technical reports of the society of automotive engineers as follows:

WAC 296-54-557(27)(a)

(a) Brake systems for off-highway, rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers shall meet or exceed the requirements outlined in SAE technical report J319b.

WAC 296-54-557(27)(b)

(b) Brake systems for off-highway, rubber-tired, front-end loaders, log stackers and dozers (skidders) shall meet or exceed the requirements outlined in SAE technical report J237.

WAC 296-54-557(27)(c)

(c) Brake systems for rubber-tired, self-propelled graders shall meet or exceed the requirements outlined in SAE technical report J236.

WAC 296-54-557(27)(d)

(d) Brake systems for off-highway trucks and wagons shall meet or exceed the requirements outlined in SAE technical report J166.

WAC 296-54-557, Illus. 1, Figure No. 5 1690 [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-557, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-557, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-559

Yarding--Helicopters and helicopter cranes.

WAC 296-54-559(1)

(1) Helicopters and helicopter cranes shall comply with any applicable regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration.

WAC 296-54-559(2)

(2) Prior to each day's operation, a briefing shall be conducted. This briefing shall set forth the plan of operation for the pilot and ground personnel.

WAC 296-54-559(3)

(3) A take-off path from the log pickup point shall be established, and shall be made known to all workers in that area before the first turn of logs is moved.

WAC 296-54-559(4)

(4) The helicopter flight path to and from the drop zone shall be designated and no equipment or personnel (other than flight personnel necessary to assist landing and take-off) will occupy these areas during helicopter arrival or departure.

WAC 296-54-559(5)

(5) The approach to the landing shall be clear and long enough to prevent tree tops from being pulled into the landing.

WAC 296-54-559(6)

(6) The helicopter shall not pass over an area in which cutters are working at a height which would cause the rotor wash to inhibit a cutter's ability to safely control a tree or dislodge limbs.

WAC 296-54-559(7)

(7) Drop zones shall be twice the nominal length of logs to be landed.

WAC 296-54-559(8)

(8) The drop zone shall be no less than one hundred twenty-five feet from the loading or decking area.

WAC 296-54-559(9)

(9) Separate areas shall be designated for landing logs and fueling the helicopter(s).

WAC 296-54-559(10)

(10) The yarding helicopter shall be equipped with a siren to warn workers of any hazardous situation.

WAC 296-54-559(11)

(11) Workers shall remain in the clear as chokers are being delivered, and under no circumstances will workers move under the helicopter that is delivering the chokers or take hold of the chokers before they have been released by the helicopter.

WAC 296-54-559(12)

(12) Log pickup shall be arranged in a manner that the hook up crew will not work on slopes below felled and bucked timber.

WAC 296-54-559(13)

(13) If the load must be lightened, the hook shall be placed on the ground on the uphill side of the turn before the hooker approaches to release the excess logs.

WAC 296-54-559(14)

(14) Landing crew shall be in the clear before logs are dropped.

WAC 296-54-559(15)

(15) One end of all the logs in the turn shall be touching the ground and lowered to an angle of not more than 45 degrees from the horizontal before the chokers are released.

WAC 296-54-559(16)

(16) Logs shall be laid on the ground and the helicopter will be completely free of the choker(s) before workers approach the logs.

WAC 296-54-559(17)

(17) If the load will not release from the hook, the load and the hook shall be on the ground before workers approach to release the hook manually.

WAC 296-54-559(18)

(18) Loads shall be properly slung. Tag lines shall be of a length that will not permit their being drawn up into rotors. Pressed sleeve, swaged eyes, or equivalent means shall be used for all freely suspended loads to prevent hand splices from spinning open or cable clamps from loosening.

WAC 296-54-559(19)

(19) All electrically operated cargo hooks shall have the electrical activating device so designed and installed as to prevent inadvertent operation. In addition, these cargo hooks shall be equipped with an emergency mechanical control for releasing the load. The hooks shall be tested prior to each day's operation to determine that the release functions properly, both electrically and mechanically.

WAC 296-54-559(20)

(20)

WAC 296-54-559(20)(a)

(a) Personal protective equipment for employees receiving the load shall consist of complete eye protection and hard hats secured by chinstraps, and high visibility vests or outer garments.

WAC 296-54-559(20)(b)

(b) Loose-fitting clothing likely to flap in the downwash, and thus be snagged on hoist line, shall not be worn.

WAC 296-54-559(21)

(21) Every practical precaution shall be taken to provide for the protection of employees from flying objects in the rotor downwash. All loose gear within one hundred feet of the place of lifting of the load, depositing the load, and all other areas susceptible to rotor downwash shall be secured or removed.

WAC 296-54-559(22)

(22) Good housekeeping shall be maintained in all helicopter loading and unloading areas.

WAC 296-54-559(23)

(23) The helicopter operator shall be responsible for size, weight, and manner in which loads are connected to the helicopter. If, for any reason, the helicopter operator believes the lift cannot be made safely, the lift shall not be made.

WAC 296-54-559(24)

(24) Employees shall not perform work under hovering craft except for that limited period of time necessary to guide, secure, hook and unhook loads. Regardless of whether the hooking or unhooking of a load takes place on the ground or other location in an elevated work position in structural members, a safe means of access and egress, to include an unprogrammed emergency escape route or routes, shall be provided for the employees hooking or unhooking loads.

WAC 296-54-559(25)

(25) Static charge on the suspended load shall be dissipated with a grounding device before ground personnel touch the suspended load, or protective rubber gloves shall be worn by all ground personnel touching the suspended load.

WAC 296-54-559(26)

(26) The weight of an external load shall not exceed the manufacturer's rating.

WAC 296-54-559(27)

(27) Hoist wires or other gear, except for pulling lines or conductors that are allowed to "pay out" from a container or roll off a reel, shall not be attached to any fixed ground structure, or allowed to foul on any fixed structure.

WAC 296-54-559(28)

(28) When visibility is reduced by dust or other conditions, ground personnel shall exercise special caution to keep clear of main and stabilizing rotors. Precautions shall also be taken by the employer to eliminate as far as practical reduced visibility.

WAC 296-54-559(29)

(29) Signal systems between aircrew and ground personnel shall be understood and checked in advance of hoisting the load. This applies to either radio or hand signal systems. Hand signals shall be as shown in Figure 6.

WAC 296-54-559(30)

(30) No unauthorized person shall be allowed to approach within fifty feet of the helicopter when the rotor blades are turning.

WAC 296-54-559(31)

(31) Whenever approaching or leaving a helicopter with blades rotating, all employees shall remain in full view of the pilot and keep in a crouched position. Employees shall avoid the area from the cockpit or cabin rearward unless authorized by the helicopter operator to work there.

WAC 296-54-559(32)

(32) Sufficient ground personnel shall be provided, when required, for safe helicopter loading and unloading operations.

WAC 296-54-559(33)

(33) There shall be constant reliable communication between the pilot, and a designated employee of the ground crew who acts as a signalperson during the period of loading and unloading. This signalperson shall be distinctly recognizable from other ground personnel.

WAC 296-54-559(34)

(34) Open fires shall not be permitted in an area that could result in such fires being spread by the rotor downwash.

WAC 296-54-559(35)

(35) Under no circumstances shall the refueling of any type helicopter with either aviation gasoline or Jet B (Turbine) type fuel be permitted while the engines are running.

WAC 296-54-559(36)

(36) Helicopters using Jet A (Turbine-Kerosene) type fuel may be refueled with engines running provided the following criteria is met:

WAC 296-54-559(36)(a)

(a) No unauthorized persons shall be allowed within fifty feet of the refueling operation or fueling equipment.

WAC 296-54-559(36)(b)

(b) A minimum of one thirty-pound fire extinguisher, or a combination of same, good for class A, B and C fires, shall be provided within one hundred feet on the upwind side of the refueling operation.

WAC 296-54-559(36)(c)

(c) All fueling personnel shall be thoroughly trained in the refueling operation and in the use of the available fire extinguishing equipment they may be expected to utilize.

WAC 296-54-559(36)(d)

(d) There shall be no smoking, open flames, exposed flame heaters, flare pots or open flame lights within fifty feet of the refueling area or fueling equipment. All entrances to the refueling area shall be posted with "no smoking" signs.

WAC 296-54-559(36)(e)

(e) Due to the numerous causes of static electricity, it shall be considered present at all times. Prior to starting refueling operations, the fueling equipment and the helicopter shall be grounded and the fueling nozzle shall be electrically bonded to the helicopter. The use of conductive hose shall not be accepted to accomplish this bonding. All grounding and bonding connections shall be electrically and mechanically firm, to clean unpainted metal parts.

WAC 296-54-559(36)(f)

(f) To control spills, fuel shall be pumped either by hand or power. Pouring or gravity flow shall not be permitted. Self-closing nozzles or deadman controls shall be used and shall not be blocked open. Nozzles shall not be dragged along the ground.

WAC 296-54-559(36)(g)

(g) In case of a spill, the fueling operation shall be immediately stopped until such time as the person-in-charge determines that it is safe to resume the refueling operation.

WAC 296-54-559(36)(h)

(h) When ambient temperatures have been in the 100 degree F. range for an extended period of time, all refueling of helicopters with the engines running shall be suspended until such time as conditions become suitable to resume refueling with the engines running.

WAC 296-54-559(37)

(37) Helicopters with their engines stopped being refueled with aviation gasoline or Jet B (Turbine) type fuel, shall also comply with subsection (36)(a) through (g) of this section.

WAC 296-54-559(38)

(38) Hook on persons in logging operations shall wear contrasting colored hard hats, with chinstraps, and high visibility vests or outer garments to enable the helicopter operator to readily identify their location.

WAC 296-54-559(39)

(39) Riding the load or hook of a helicopter is prohibited except in the case of an emergency with the proper safety gear.

WAC 296-54-559, Illus. 1, Figure No. 6 1960

Note: See Figures No. 7-A through 7-P, for illustrations of various types of cable logging systems.

See Figures No. 7-Q through 7-U, for illustrations of whistle signals used on various cable logging systems.

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7A and 7B2500

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7C and 7D2500

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7E and 7F2500

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7G and 7H2500

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7I and 7J2500

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7K and 7L2500

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7M and 7N2500

WAC 296-54-559, Figure 7O and 7P2500

HIGH LEAD LOGGING WHISTLE SIGNALS

- Means Longer Spacing Between Signals.

1 short ..... Stop all lines.

3 short-3 short ..... Ahead slow on mainline.

3 short ..... Ahead on mainline.

2 short ..... Ahead on haulback.

2 short-2 short ..... Ahead slow on haulback.

3 short-1 short ..... Ahead on strawline.

3 short-1 short-3 short ..... Ahead slow on strawline.

4 short or more ..... Slack mainline.

2 short-4 short ..... Slack haulback.

3 short-1 short-4 short ..... Slack strawline.

3 short-2 short ..... Standing tight line.

1 short-1 short ..... Tight line while lines are running, or break if running tight.

3 short ..... When rigging is in: Strawline back on haulback.

3 short / plus "X" number of shorts ..... When rigging is in: Indicates number of sections of strawline back on rigging.

3 short-1 short-2 short ..... Strawline back on rigging.

1 short ..... When rigging is in: Chaser inspect and repair rigging.

2 short ..... When rigging is in: No chokers back.

2 short-1 short / plus "X" number of shorts ..... Number of chokers back.

2 short-4 short ..... When rigging is in: Slack haulback-hold all lines until 2 short blown.

3 medium ..... Hooker.

3 medium-4 short ..... Hooker and his crew.

5 long ..... Climber.

4 long ..... Foreman.

1 long-1 short ..... Start or stop work.

7 long-2 short ..... Man injured, call transportation and stretcher.

1 long-1 short repeated ..... Fire.

Grabinski system

2 short-1 short ..... Slack mainline and haulback together.

2 long ..... Take off or put on rider block.

Figure 7-Q

SKIDDER WHISTLE SIGNALS

- Means Longer Spacing Between Signals.

1 short ..... Stops moving carriage-stops or goes ahead on slack puller, as case may be, if carriage is stopped.

2 short ..... Go ahead on skidding line holding carriage.

1 short-2 short ..... Pick up skidding line, easy.

2 short-1 short ..... Shake up carriage to clear choker.

2 short-2 short ..... Ahead on receding line.

3 short ..... Ahead on carriage, holding at present level, using interlock.

3 short-3 short ..... Ahead easy on skidding line.

2 short-2 short-2 short ..... Slack skyline, cable down.

2 short-2 short-2 short-1 short ..... Pick up skyline, cable up.

2 short-2 short-4 short ..... Slack receding line.

2 short-4 short ..... Slack skidding line.

2 short-2 short-1 short ..... Tighten all lines.

1 short-4 short ..... Slack off slack puller.

1 short-2 short ..... Pick up slack puller when slack.

2 short-2 short / plus "X" number of shorts ..... When carriage is in: Number of chokers wanted.

2 short-2 short-1 long ..... Bull choker.

1 short ..... When carriage is in: Inspect butt rigging.

2 short-4 short / 1 short ..... For each additional ten feet of tong line.

1 long / plus "X" number of shorts ..... Number of coils of strawline wanted.

5 medium ..... Tail or second rigger.

5 medium-4 short ..... Tail or second rigger and his crew.

2 medium ..... Skidder head rigger.

3 medium-4 short ..... Hooker and his crew.

2 long ..... Ahead on transfer.

2 long-4 short ..... Slack transfer

1 short-3 short ..... Ahead on carriage with slack puller line.

1 long ..... Ahead on strawline.

1 long-4 short ..... Slack strawline.

1 long-3 short ..... Ahead easy on strawline.

5 long ..... Climber.

4 long ..... Foreman.

1 long-1 short ..... Start or stop work.

7 long-2 short ..... Man injured, call transportation and stretcher.

1 long-1 short repeated ..... Fire.

Figure 7-R

SLACKLINE WHISTLE SIGNALS

- Means Longer Spacing Between Signals.

2 short-2 short-2 short-1 short ..... First cable up when road has been changed and tail hold made fast.

2 short-2 short-2 short ..... Drop skyline.

1 short ..... Stop any moving line.

1 long ..... When logging, slack skyline.

2 short ..... Ahead on skyline.

1 long-2 short ..... Ahead easy on skyline.

3 short ..... Ahead on skidding line, holding haulback.

3 short-3 short ..... Ahead easy on skidding line with slack haulback.

4 short ..... Slack skidding line.

2 short-2 short / 2 short-2 short ..... Ahead easy on haulback with slack skidding line.

2 short-2 short ..... Ahead on haulback.

2 short-2 short-4 short ..... Slack haulback.

2 short / 3 short ..... Pick up skyline and skid.

2 short / 2 short-2 short ..... Pick up skyline and skin.

3 short-1 short ..... When carriage is in: Strawline back on haulback.

3 short-1 short-2 short ..... When carriage is in: Strawline back on carriage.

3 short-1 short ..... When strawline is out: Ahead on strawline.

3 short-2 short ..... Tight line.

3 short-1 short-4 short ..... Slack strawline.

3 short-1 short-3 short ..... Pull easy on strawline.

2 long ..... Ahead on transfer.

2 long-4 short ..... Slack transfer.

2 long-2 short-2 short ..... When carriage is in: Transfer back on carriage.

1 long / plus "X" number of shorts ..... When carriage is in: Number of coils.

2 short-2 short-1 short / plus "X" number of shorts ..... When carriage is in: Number of chokers.

1 short ..... When carriage is in: Inspect rigging, repair and send back.

2 short-2 short-4 short ..... When carriage is in: Slack haulback and hold all lines until 1 short is blown-then send back.

3 short-3 short ..... When carriage is in: Send back powder.

5 medium ..... Tail rigger.

5 medium-4 short ..... Tail rigger and his crew.

3 medium ..... Head hooker.

3 medium-4 short ..... Second hooker and his crew.

5 long ..... Climber.

4 long ..... Foreman.

1 long-1 short ..... Start or stop work.

7 long-2 short ..... Man injured, call transportation and stretcher.

1 long-1 short repeated ..... Fire.

Figure 7-S

RUNNING SKYLINE WHISTLE SIGNALS

- Means Longer Spacing Between Signals

1 short ..... Stop all moving lines

2 short ..... Skin carriage back

2 short-1 short ..... Slack haulback

2 short-2 short ..... Skin carriage easy

2 short-3 short ..... Standing tight line

1 short-2 short ..... Ahead on drop line

4 short ..... Slack drop line

1 short-4 short ..... Slack both mainlines

1 short-1 short ..... Stop drop line going up and move carriage forward

3 short ..... Move carriage forward

3 short-3 short ..... Move carriage forward easy

3 short-1 short ..... When strawline is out: Ahead on strawline

3 short-1 short-4 short ..... Slack strawline

3 short ..... When carriage is in: Strawline

3 short-X short ..... When carriage is in: Number sections

3 short-1 short-2 short ..... When carriage is in: Strawline back on carriage

2 short-X short ..... When carriage is in: Number of chokers

4 short ..... When carriage is in: Inspect rigging, repair and send back

1 short ..... When carriage is in: Hold all lines until 2 shorts, then send back

3 medium ..... Head hooker

3 medium-4 short ..... Hooker and his crew

4 long ..... Foreman

1 long-1 short ..... Start or stop work

7 long-2 short ..... Man injured; call transportation and stretcher

1 long-1 short (repeated) ..... Fire

3 short-1 long ..... Acknowledged by engineer to signify hazardous turn

Figure 7-T

TENSION SYSTEM SIGNALS

4 ..... Release tension

1 short ..... Stop carriage and start unspooling tong line

1 short ..... Stop tong line

1 short ..... Resume unspooling tong line

1 short ..... Will stop any moving line or slack tong line when carriage is stopped

2 short-2 short ..... Go into interlock and go back

2 short-4 short ..... Slack haulback and let carriage down

After turn is set

2 short ..... Go ahead on tong line

2 short-3 short ..... Go ahead easy on tong line

3 short ..... Go into interlock and take carriage to landing

3 short-3 short ..... Ahead on carriage easy

1 short-2 short ..... Increase tension on tong line when carriage is going in

short-1 short ..... Decrease tension on tong line when carriage is going in

Figure 7-U [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), {WAC 296-54-559, filed 11/14/88.Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 81-05-013 (Order 81-3), {WAC 296-54-559, filed 2/10/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-559, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-561

Log loading--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-561(1)

(1) Loading operators shall have a clear view of the landing and of the cars or trucks being loaded.

WAC 296-54-561(2)

(2) Persons shall not ride logs, tongs, grapples or other loading devices.

WAC 296-54-561(3)

(3) The use of plain spiked loading hooks without a bell is prohibited for loading logs.

WAC 296-54-561(4)

(4) All limbs or knots that would project beyond the stakes or legal height shall be removed before the log is loaded on the car or truck.

WAC 296-54-561(5)

(5) When the loading operator is not able to see the loading operation, signals shall be given by a designated person, who shall have a clear view of the operations and shall be visible to the operator. Hand signals used shall be as illustrated in Figure No. 7, following WAC 296-54-565.

WAC 296-54-561(6)

(6) Logs shall not be swung or suspended over occupied equipment by loading machines on landings. Persons shall not stand or walk under suspended logs.

WAC 296-54-561(7)

(7) No one shall ride loads while cars or trucks are being spotted or dropped, except those whose regular duties require them to do so.

WAC 296-54-561(8)

(8) Cars and trucks shall not be moved until the head loader or loading machine operator is positive that all persons are in the clear.

WAC 296-54-561(9)

(9) When grapples, trip tongs or similar devices are used in the loading operation, they shall be lowered to the ground whenever the machine is unattended. If the device can tip or fall over, it shall be laid on its side on the ground.

WAC 296-54-561(10)

(10) While logs are being loaded, no one shall remain on the load, chain deck or behind the cab protector. Any unattached material shall be removed from the top of the cab protector before the truck is moved from the landing.

WAC 296-54-561(11)

(11) To control the movement of a log truck being loaded, a positive audible means of communication shall be established between the truck driver and the loading machine operator. The established means of communication shall be familiar to all employees on the landing and shall include a danger signal to warn employees in case of an emergency. If a movable loader is being used, the loader operator shall sound a warning signal before moving the loader. The signals so used shall be easily distinguishable from other whistle or horn signals used in the landing area.

WAC 296-54-561(12)

(12) When signals are used at a landing, reload or deck to control the movement of logging trucks in accordance with subsection (11) of this section, the following signals shall be used:

1 short ..... Stop

1 short ..... Ahead

2 shorts ..... Back

2 shorts then 2 shorts ..... Wrapper

3 shorts ..... Check scales

1 long-repeated ..... Danger

1 long ..... Loader moving

WAC 296-54-561(13)

(13) No person shall be permitted alongside or underneath trucks being loaded or on the load until communication has been established with the loading machine operator and truck driver and assurance has been received that it is safe to be there.

WAC 296-54-561(14)

(14) Power saws shall not be operated on top of loaded logging trucks.

WAC 296-54-561(15)

(15) Standing underneath a suspended trailer or its reach is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-561(16)

(16) The outside bunklogs (bottom tier) shall be loaded tight against the stakes.

WAC 296-54-561(17)

(17) Logs shall be loaded in a manner to prevent undue strain on wrappers, binders, bunk stakes and chains or straps.

Note: Logs shall be considered to be "within the stakes" when one-half the log diameter is below the top of the stakes.

WAC 296-54-561(18)

(18) Logs in any tier or layer unsecured by stakes or chalk blocks shall be well saddled and have their diameter centers inside the diameter centers of the outer logs of the next lower tier or layer.

WAC 296-54-561(19)

(19) Bunk and wing logs shall extend not less than twelve inches beyond the front and rear bunks or stakes. On rigid type bunks, they shall extend not less than six inches beyond the front and rear bunks or stakes.

WAC 296-54-561(20)

(20) Double ended logs, above the stakes, shall not be loaded on the side of the load from which the binders or wrappers are intended to be released from.

WAC 296-54-561(21)

(21) Logs shall be loaded in a manner that will not impair full and free movement of the truck and trailer.

WAC 296-54-561(22)

(22) Each log not contained within the stakes shall be secured with at least two wrappers before the truck leaves the immediate landing area.

WAC 296-54-561(23)

(23) Loads or logs shall not be moved or shifted while wrappers and binders are being applied or adjusted.

WAC 296-54-561(24)

(24) Stable loads. Loads shall be built up or loaded in a manner to be stable without the use of wrappers. Wrappers shall be considered only as precautionary measures to ensure stability of the load.

WAC 296-54-561(25)

(25) Loading equipment maintained. All loading machines and equipment shall be maintained in a safe condition. The critical parts of such equipment, such as bolts in base plates, etc., that cannot be inspected while in operation, shall be inspected at reasonable intervals by a qualified person when the machine is shutdown. If indications of failure or weakness is noted or suspected, the parts in question shall be examined by an approved method and if found to be defective, shall be repaired or replaced before the equipment is put back into operation.

WAC 296-54-561(26)

(26) Tongs pulling out. Where there is a danger of tongs or hooks pulling out of the log, straps shall be used. Tongs may be used on extra-large logs provided the logs are barked and notched to provide a secure hold. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-561, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-563

Log loading--Special requirements.

79-61 WISHA Regional Directive 79-61

WAC 296-54-563(1)

(1)

WAC 296-54-563(1)(a)

(a) Loading machines shall be equipped with an effective parking braking system which is not dependent on the air or hydraulic pressure which is used to stop the machine while traveling.

WAC 296-54-563(1)(b)

(b) A braking system shall be installed on the load line and boom supporting equipment which shall be capable of stopping and holding, in any position, the maximum load for which the loading machine is designed. The equipment shall be of such design as to lower the boom with power. Booms not having power down shall be dogged before workers enter the hazardous area around the boom. Workers shall not be under any boom while it is being held by the brake.

WAC 296-54-563(2)

(2) A minimum distance of thirty-six-inch clearance shall be maintained between the counterweight of a loading machine and trees, logs, banks, trucks, etc., while the machine is in operation. If this clearance cannot be maintained, suitable barricades with warning signs attached, similar to a standard guardrail, shall be installed to isolate the hazardous area. "DANGER - 36-inch clearance" shall be marked in contrasting colors on sides and face of counterweight on shovels, loaders and other swing-type logging equipment.

WAC 296-54-563(3)

(3) Persons shall not work under a slack puller. A warning line, of sufficient length to reach the ground at all positions, shall be hung from any slack puller.

WAC 296-54-563(4)

(4) Where a backstop of a loading machine is so constructed that it could crush the operator's cab should the heel boom be pulled or pushed too far backward, positive boom stops shall be installed.

WAC 296-54-563(5)

(5) All mobile fork-lift type log handling machines shall be equipped with a means or mechanism to prevent the logs from leaving or rolling off the forks, and shall be used at all times while moving logs. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-563, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-563, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-565

Log loading--Self-loading log trucks.

WAC 296-54-565(1)

(1) A safe means of access and egress shall be provided to the operator's loading work station.

WAC 296-54-565(2)

(2) Self-loading log truck operators shall not unload their own load unless a positive means of securing the logs has been provided when binders and wrappers are removed.

WAC 296-54-565(3)

(3) New self-loading log trucks purchased and put in operation after January 1, 1980, shall be equipped with:

WAC 296-54-565(3)(a)

(a) A check valve installed on the jib boom; and

WAC 296-54-565(3)(b)

(b) A seat that is offset from the point of attachment of the boom. The seat and boom structure shall rotate concurrently.

WAC 296-54-565(4)

(4) The operator of a self-loading log truck shall not heel the log over his head.

WAC 296-54-565, Illus. 1, Figure No. 7 1510 [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-565, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-567

Motor truck log transportation--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-567(1)

(1) Prior to use, the operator shall make a complete daily inspection of the truck and trailer with particular attention to steering apparatus, lights and reflectors, brake boosters, brake hoses and connections, reaches, and hitches (couplings). The brakes shall be tested before and after movement of the vehicle. The operator shall submit a written list of necessary repairs to a person designated by the employer.

WAC 296-54-567(2)

(2) Any defective parts that would make the vehicle unsafe to operate, shall be replaced or repaired before the vehicle is placed in service.

WAC 296-54-567(3)

(3) All motor vehicles operated on public roads shall comply with the rules of the regulatory body having jurisdiction. Motor vehicles used on roads not under the control of the state department of transportation, counties or cities shall be equipped with accessories necessary for a safe operation including operable head lamps and at least two tail lamps and brake lamps which shall emit a red light plainly visible from a distance of one thousand feet to the rear and shall also have two reflectors visible at night from three hundred fifty feet when directly in front of properly adjusted motor vehicle head lamps.

WAC 296-54-567(4)

(4) Truck tires worn beyond a point of safety or not meeting the safety requirements of the jurisdiction having authority as to tread wear and tire conditions, shall not be used.

WAC 296-54-567(5)

(5) The driver shall do everything reasonably possible to keep his truck under control at all times and shall not operate in excess of a speed at which he can stop the truck in one-half the distance between him and the range of unobstructed vision.

WAC 296-54-567(6)

(6) The area between the truck frame members, extending from the cab rearward as far as necessary to provide a safe work area, shall be covered with suitable nonslip type material. Log trucks which have logs scaled at stations shall be provided with a platform on each side extending outward from the frame members at least eighteen inches, and shall be eighteen inches long or as near this dimension as the design of the truck will permit. The treading surface of the platforms shall be of nonslip type material and the platform shall be capable of safely supporting a five hundred pound load.

WAC 296-54-567(7)

(7) To protect the operator of vehicles from loads, a substantial bulkhead shall be provided behind the cab which shall extend up to the height of the cab.

WAC 296-54-567(8)

(8) If logs must be scaled or branded while the loading operation is being carried on, the loading operation shall cease while the scaling or branding is being done so that the scaler or person doing the branding is not subjected to any hazards created by the loading operation.

WAC 296-54-567(9)

(9) When at the dump or reload or where logs are scaled or branded on the truck, the logs shall be scaled or branded before the binders are released.

WAC 296-54-567(10)

(10) All vehicles, where vision of the operator in the direction of travel is impaired by the load or vehicle, shall be moved only on a signal from a worker who shall have a clear view in the direction in which the vehicle is to be moved.

WAC 296-54-567(11)

(11) Where a bridge or other roadway structure is posted with a load limit sign, log truck drivers or operators of other heavy equipment are prohibited from driving a load in excess of the posted limit over such structure.

WAC 296-54-567(12)

(12) Persons shall be allowed to ride only when in the cab of the log truck.

WAC 296-54-567(13)

(13) All trucks shall keep to the right side of the road except where the road is plainly and adequately posted for left side travel.

WAC 296-54-567(14)

(14) A method shall be provided to assure that the trailer will remain mounted on the truck while driving on highways or logging roads.

WAC 296-54-567(15)

(15) When trucks are towed on any road, the person guiding the vehicle being towed shall, by prearranged signals, govern the speed of travel. The towing of vehicles shall be done at a reasonable speed and in a prudent manner. A tow cable or chain over fifteen feet in length shall have a white flag affixed at the approximate center, however, it is recommended that a rigid tow bar be used for this purpose.

WAC 296-54-567(16)

(16) All air lines, air chambers and systems shall be free of leaks and be able to maintain air pressure on constant brake application with the motor shut-off for one minute, or air pressure does not drop more than 4 p.s.i. in one minute with the engine running at idling speed and the service brake applied.

WAC 296-54-567(17)

(17) All rubber-tired motor vehicles shall be equipped with fenders. Mud flaps may be used in lieu of fenders whenever the motor vehicle is not designed for fenders.

WAC 296-54-567(18)

(18) Seat belts and anchorages meeting the requirements of 49 CFR Part 571 (D.O.T. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) shall be installed and used in all motor vehicles.

WAC 296-54-567(19)

(19) All trucks shall be equipped with doors with operable latches, or a safety bar or strap shall be provided in lieu of the door.

WAC 296-54-567(20)

(20) All trucks shall be equipped with a means to protect the operator from inclement weather.

WAC 296-54-567(21)

(21) Log trucks shall not approach a landing while there is danger from incoming logs.

WAC 296-54-567(22)

(22) Log truck drivers shall stop their vehicle, dismount, check and tighten loose load wrappers and binders, either just before or immediately after leaving a private road to enter a public road. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 81-05-013 (Order 81-3), {WAC 296-54-567, filed 2/10/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-567, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-569

Motor truck log transportation--Brake requirements.

WAC 296-54-569(1)

(1) Motor logging trucks and trailers shall be equipped with brakes or other control methods which will safely stop and hold the maximum load on the maximum grade. When unattended trucks are parked on a grade, in addition to setting the brakes, the wheels shall be chocked or blocked.

WAC 296-54-569(2)

(2) All trucks equipped with air brakes shall be also equipped with a readily visual or audible low air pressure warning device in good working order.

WAC 296-54-569(3)

(3) Engine-type brakes shall be considered as auxiliary controls, not a substitute for the requirement for a service brake system.

WAC 296-54-569(4)

(4) Brake drums shall be maintained free of cracks, breaks or defects. Defective brake drums, cans, shoes or air lines shall be immediately repaired or replaced. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 90-09-026 (Order 90-01), § WAC 296-54-569, filed 4/10/90, effetive 5/25/90). Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-569, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-571

Motor truck log transportation--Trailer hitches and safety chains.

WAC 296-54-571(1)

(1) All log truck and trailer combinations shall be equipped with approved hitches (couplings) which shall:

WAC 296-54-571(1)(a)

(a) Be capable of withstanding, in any direction, the potential stresses imposed;

WAC 296-54-571(1)(b)

(b) Be of a design which would not be rendered inoperative by dirt and debris and shall be locked securely and positively;

WAC 296-54-571(1)(c)

(c) Be attached to the truck frame or extension of the truck frame by means of not less than four machine bolts and nuts (120,000 p.s.i. material or better) 3/4-inch diameter or larger, secured by lock nuts. Other means of attachment furnishing strength equal to or greater than the above may be accepted if of approved design and application; and

WAC 296-54-571(1)(d)

(d) Hitches (couplings) or parts that are broken, cracked, excessively worn, or otherwise defective hitches shall be repaired before use.

WAC 296-54-571(2)

(2) Each log truck and trailer combination or log truck and independent trailer combination shall be provided with two or more safety chains or cables with a rated breaking strength of not less than the gross weight of the towed vehicle, be capable of holding the trailer in line in case of failure of the hitch assembly, and be as follows:

WAC 296-54-571(2)(a)

(a) Be permanently attached to the frame of the truck or an extension of the truck frame;

WAC 296-54-571(2)(b)

(b) Form a separate continuous connection between the truck frame or extension of the truck frame and the reach or trailer;

WAC 296-54-571(2)(c)

(c) Be attached not more than twelve inches from the eye of the reach or trailer;

WAC 296-54-571(2)(d)

(d) Be of a length short enough to prevent the trailer reach or tongue from contacting the ground in the event of disengagement from the truck;

WAC 296-54-571(2)(e)

(e) Be of a design to provide a positive connection that cannot be rendered inoperative by any condition of use or exposure.

WAC 296-54-571(3)

(3) Safety chains and cables shall be replaced immediately if they contain cut, cracked, or excessively worn links, or frayed, stranded, or otherwise defective wire rope.

WAC 296-54-571(4)

(4) Butt welding of safety chain links to reach truck frame, or extension of truck frame is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-571(5)

(5) Cold-shuts may be used in safety chains provided they are welded shut and one size larger than the chain being used.

WAC 296-54-571(6)

(6) There shall be no welding or hole drilling in frames on which the manufacturer recommends this not be done. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-571, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-573

Motor truck log transportation--Reaches and bunks.

WAC 296-54-573(1)

(1) Log trailers shall be connected to tractors by reaches of a size and strength to withstand all normal imposed stresses. Spliced wooden reaches shall not be used. Proper repair of metal reaches by welding will be permitted if done by a qualified welder.

WAC 296-54-573(2)

(2) Hand-holds or other facilities shall be installed on trailer tongues or trailer reaches if workers are required to manually assist in coupling them to their tractors or trucks.

WAC 296-54-573(3)

(3) A positive means, other than clamp and in addition to the clamp, shall be installed on the reach of log truck trailers when the trailers are being towed without a load.

WAC 296-54-573(4)

(4) Persons shall never enter the area below a suspended load of logs. At dumps where the load must remain suspended above the bunks until the truck is moved away, and when the trailer is the type with a compensating pin in the reach, a method shall be utilized which will allow the trailer to be towed away from the danger area.

WAC 296-54-573(5)

(5) The reaches of unloaded trailers being towed shall be provided with and use a minimum one-inch pin near the end or an equally effective means to prevent pulling or stripping through the tunnel.

WAC 296-54-573(6)

(6) Reach locks, clamps, or tighteners shall be of the type that will securely lock the reach in the tunnel.

WAC 296-54-573(7)

(7) No reach of less than the maximum size usable in the tunnel of a trailer shall be permitted.

WAC 296-54-573(8)

(8) Alteration of trailer tunnel to permit reduction of reach size is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-573(9)

(9) Every truck or truck and trailer engaged in the transportation of logs loaded lengthwise, shall be equipped with bunks and chock blocks or stakes.

WAC 296-54-573(10)

(10) Log bunks or any part of bunk assembly bent enough to cause bunks to bind, shall be straightened. Bunks shall be sufficiently sharp to prevent logs from slipping. Trip type stakes shall be properly secured and locked in a manner which will prevent them from accidentally tripping or falling.

WAC 296-54-573(11)

(11) All trucks with swivel type bunks shall have bunk locks or an equivalent system of holding the bunks in place while loading logs.

WAC 296-54-573(12)

(12) The bunks or bolsters of any truck or trailer shall be either curved upward or straight. Bunks with ends lower than their centers are prohibited.

WAC 296-54-573(13)

(13) Sufficient clearance between the bunk and bunk rider shall be maintained to prevent bunk binding.

WAC 296-54-573(14)

(14) Trailer bunks shall be provided with a false or tilt bunk. The channel of the bunk shall be kept reasonably free of debris.

WAC 296-54-573(15)

(15) Stakes and stake extensions shall be installed and maintained so that the angle between bunks and stakes (and extensions if used) shall not exceed ninety degrees when loaded.

WAC 296-54-573(16)

(16) Frames, reaches, bunks and running gear of log trucks shall be maintained free of cracks, breaks and defects. If defects are found, they shall be immediately repaired or the part replaced. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-573, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-575

Motor truck log transportation--Stakes, stake extensions and chock blocks.

WAC 296-54-575(1)

(1) Trucks and trailers shall be equipped with bunk stakes or chock blocks of strength and sized material to perform their intended function.

WAC 296-54-575(2)

(2) Stake extensions shall not be used unless all component parts of the bunking system are of sufficient size and strength to support the added stresses involved. Stake extensions shall be secured by safety chains or other devices to prevent their accidental displacement.

WAC 296-54-575(3)

(3) The linkage used to support the stakes or chocks must be of adequate size and strength to withstand the maximum imposed impact load. Molles or cold shuts are prohibited in chains or cables used for linkage.

WAC 296-54-575(4)

(4) Stake chains or cables shall be equal to or better than "high test" steel chain or "plow steel" wire rope, and shall be of a size necessary to meet the requirements of a safe working load of not less than six thousand six hundred pounds. (3/8-inch alloy chain, 7/16-inch high test chain of welded link construction, and 5/8 inch improved plow steel cable in 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 construction meet this requirement.)

WAC 296-54-575(5)

(5) Bunk chains containing cut, cracked, excessively worn, or otherwise defective links, shall be immediately removed from service. Molles, cold-shuts (welded or otherwise), or bolts are not permitted in bunk chains.

WAC 296-54-575(6)

(6) The use of frayed, stranded, or otherwise defective wire rope for chock block cable or stake straps is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-575(7)

(7) Only chain links approved for welding (and properly welded) or approved repair links which will develop a strength equivalent to the chain, are permissible for repairs or attachments to stake chains or binder chains.

WAC 296-54-575(8)

(8) Chains or cables used to secure stakes or chock blocks shall be secured in a manner which will not necessitate hammering directly on them to release the stakes or blocks. Keyhole slots and similar methods of securing chains are prohibited.

WAC 296-54-575(9)

(9) Deformed or defective stakes, stake securing or stake locking devices, or bunks shall be immediately repaired or removed from service. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-575, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-575, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-577

Motor truck log transportation--Wrappers and binders.

WAC 296-54-577(1)

(1) On log trucks equipped with stakes, the following requirements shall apply:

WAC 296-54-577(1)(a)

(a) In the hauling of a one log load, one wrapper chain or cable shall be required and secured to the rear bunk. The log shall be properly blocked or secured in a manner which will prevent it from rolling or shifting. An additional wrapper secured to the front bunk is optional.

WAC 296-54-577(1)(b)

(b) In the hauling of two log loads, not less than two wrapper chains or cables shall be used to secure the load. The logs shall be properly blocked to prevent them from rolling or shifting.

WAC 296-54-577(1)(c)

(c) On loads consisting of three or four logs not over forty-four feet in length, the load shall be secured by not less than two properly spaced wrapper chains or cables. Ends of short logs not secured by such wrappers shall be secured with extra wrappers. If any log is over forty-four feet in length, the load shall be secured by not less than three properly spaced wrappers.

WAC 296-54-577(1)(d)

(d) Loads consisting of five or more logs, when the logs are all seventeen feet or less in length, shall be secured by not less than two properly spaced wrappers. Loads consisting of five or more logs, when any log is over seventeen feet in length, shall be secured by not less than three properly spaced wrappers.

WAC 296-54-577(2)

(2) On log trucks equipped with chock blocks, the following requirements shall apply:

WAC 296-54-577(2)(a)

(a) In the hauling of a one log load, one wrapper chain or cable shall be required and secured to the rear bunk and the log shall be properly blocked in a manner to prevent it from rolling or shifting.

WAC 296-54-577(2)(b)

(b) One additional wrapper chain or cable shall be required on log trucks using chock blocks over and above the requirements in subdivisions (1)(c) and (d) of this section.

WAC 296-54-577(3)

(3) In the case of short logs loaded crosswise, the following method of securing the load shall be used if the truck or trailer is not provided with solid ends of a height sufficient to prevent any log in the load from rolling off: Not less than two chock blocks shall be used at each open end of the vehicle and the load shall be held with at least two wrapper chains or cables. The wrappers shall be firmly attached to the end of the truck or trailer. Rigid standards or stakes may be used in lieu of chock blocks but each such standard or stake shall be either rigidly connected to the bed of the truck or trailer or shall be placed in a tight-fitting socket at least 12 inches in depth. Other means furnishing equivalent security may be acceptable.

WAC 296-54-577(4)

(4) When two wrappers are required, they shall be applied within six feet of the front and rear bunks. When more than two wrappers are required, the front and back binder shall be applied within six feet of the front and rear bunks.

WAC 296-54-577(5)

(5) To properly secure short logs, binders shall be placed near the end, not less than twelve inches from the end of the log.

WAC 296-54-577(6)

(6) No log loaded on top or in outside saddles of a load shall be transported unless secured by not less than two wrapper chains or cables, one of which shall be placed near each end of such log.

WAC 296-54-577(7)

(7) All wrappers and binders shall be fastened in place prior to tightening to prevent the displacement of logs on the top of the load.

WAC 296-54-577(8)

(8) All wrapper chains or cables, except in the case of one log loads, shall entirely surround the load. This does not apply to gut-wrappers.

WAC 296-54-577(9)

(9) Gut-wrappers, when used, shall be adjusted so as to be tightened by, but not carry the weight of the logs above them.

WAC 296-54-577(10)

(10) A warning shall be given before throwing wrappers over the load and care shall be taken to avoid striking other persons with the wrapper.

WAC 296-54-577(11)

(11) Wrappers and binders shall be placed and tightened around the completed load before the truck leaves the immediate loading area.

WAC 296-54-577(12)

(12) While moving logs, poles, or log chunks within sorting or mill yards, that could roll or slide off the truck due to snow or ice conditions, or the logs or log chunks do not extend beyond the stakes, at least two wrappers and binders shall be used regardless of the height of the load.

WAC 296-54-577(13)

(13) Wrapper chains or cables, binders, fasteners, or attachments thereof, used for any purpose as required by these standards, shall have a minimum breaking strength of not less than fifteen thousand pounds and shall be rigged so that it can be safely released.

Note: 3/8-inch hi-test steel chain, 7/16-inch improved plow steel wire rope of 6x19 or 6x37 construction, or materials having equivalent strength, when in compliance with the requirements herein contained, will be acceptable. (The diameter of the wire rope is immaterial as long as it meets the minimum breaking strength requirements.)

WAC 296-54-577(14)

(14) A loaded logging truck required to have wrappers by this section, may be moved within the loading area without wrappers only if such movement does not present a hazard to workers.

WAC 296-54-577(15)

(15) For the purposes of this standard, applied bundle straps or banding are not acceptable as wrappers and binders.

WAC 296-54-577(16)

(16) All loose ends of wrapper chains or cables shall be securely fastened so as to prevent their swinging free in a manner that will create a hazard.

WAC 296-54-577(17)

(17) Binders for securing wrappers on logging trucks shall be fitted with hooks of proper size and design for the wrapper chain being used.

WAC 296-54-577(18)

(18) Wrappers shall be removed from service when any of the following conditions exist:

WAC 296-54-577(18)(a)

(a) Excessively worn links on chains;

WAC 296-54-577(18)(b)

(b) Deformed or stretched chain links;

WAC 296-54-577(18)(c)

(c) Cracked chain links;

WAC 296-54-577(18)(d)

(d) Frayed, stranded, knotted, or otherwise defective wire rope.

WAC 296-54-577(19)

(19) Pipe extension handles (swedes) for tightening or securing binders shall be limited to not longer than thirty-six inches. Care shall be taken that a sufficient amount of the pipe extends over the binder handle.

WAC 296-54-577(20)

(20) Defective binders shall be immediately removed from service.

Note: See Figures 9-A and 9-B for illustrations of placement and number of wrappers.

PLACEMENT AND NUMBER OF WRAPPERS

One Log Load

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 1)

One wrapper required which shall be secured to the rear bunk. The log shall be blocked or secured in a manner to prevent it from rolling or shifting. An additional wrapper secured to the front bunk is optional.

Two Log Load

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 2)

A minimum of two wrappers required. Logs shall be blocked to prevent them from rolling or shifting. If all logs are not contained by the stakes, additional wrappers required.

Three Or Four Log Load 44 Ft. Or Less

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 3)

A minimum of two wrappers required. If all logs are not contained by the stakes, additional wrappers required.

Three Or Four Log Loads More Than 44 Feet

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 4)

A minimum of three wrappers required. If all logs are not contained by the stakes, additional wrappers required.

Five Or Six Log Load

All Logs 17 Feet Or Less

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 5)

A minimum of two wrappers required. If all logs are not contained by the stakes, additional wrappers required.

Seven Or More Log Load

All Logs 17 Feet Or Less

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 6)

A minimum of two wrappers required. If all logs are not contained by the stakes, additional wrappers required.

Five Or More Log Load

If Any Logs Are More Than 17 Feet

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 7)

A minimum of three wrappers are required. If all logs are not contained by the stakes, additional wrappers required.

Proper Support For Logs

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 8)

Not more than approximately one-third the weight of any log shall extend beyond the end of the logs or bunk supporting it.

Outside Logs Or Top Logs

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 9)

All outside (wing) or top logs shall be secured by a wrapper near but not within 12 inches of each end.

A Wrapper Shall Be Near Each Bunk

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 10)

Each load shall be secured by having a wrapper within 6 feet of each bunk except on one log loads.

Short Logs Loaded Crosswise

SEE ILLUSTRATION

(WAC 296-54-577, Illus. 11)

A minimum of two wrappers are required and two chocks or stakes shall be used on the open end of the truck.

Note: All loads of logs on logging trucks equipped with chock blocks instead of stakes, shall have at least one additional wrapper over and above the requirements for trucks equipped with stakes, excepting on one and two log loads and trucks with short logs loaded crosswise. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-577, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-579

Motor truck log transportation--Miscellaneous requirements.

WAC 296-54-579(1)

(1) No truck wheel shall have more than twenty-five percent of the lugs missing or defective.

WAC 296-54-579(2)

(2) All truck wheels shall be maintained free of cracks, breaks, or defects.

WAC 296-54-579(3)

(3) Windshields on all equipment shall be provided with windshield wipers in good working condition.

WAC 296-54-579(4)

(4) Mule train trailers shall have a platform on the trailer tongue at least twelve inches by twenty-four inches made of nonslip material and capable of supporting at least three hundred pounds. The platform shall be of the self-cleaning type.

WAC 296-54-579(5)

(5) Logs shall be loaded so that not more than approximately one-third of the weight of any log shall extend beyond the end of the logs or bunk supporting it.

WAC 296-54-579(6)

(6) Trailer loading and unloading straps, links, or chains shall be fastened securely to the trailer frame and used in hoisting the trailer. The connections shall be maintained in good condition and shall not be attached to the trailer bunk. The use of molles for this purpose is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-579(7)

(7) In unloading trailers from trucks, trailers shall be hoisted clear, the truck driven forward a safe distance, and the trailer lowered to within one foot of the roadway before persons approach the trailer or reach.

WAC 296-54-579(8)

(8) Trailer hoisting or unloading straps shall be constructed and installed in a manner enabling the loading or unloading machine to engage the strap without manual personal contact.

WAC 296-54-579(9)

(9) All motor vehicles shall be equipped with a horn that is audible above the surrounding noise level. The horn shall be sounded before operating the vehicle in reverse gear and sounded intermittently during the entire backing operation. The horn shall be maintained in an operative condition. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-579, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-581

Motor truck log transportation--Steered trailers.

Steered trailers, not controlled from the truck cab, shall be designed, constructed, and operated as follows:

WAC 296-54-581(1)

(1) A secure seat with substantial foot rest shall be provided for the operator at the rear of the bunk. Any arrangement that permits the operator to ride in front of the bunk is prohibited unless a false bunk or other adequate protection is provided for the operator.

WAC 296-54-581(2)

(2) The seat for the operator shall be so arranged that he has an unobstructed exit from both sides and the rear.

WAC 296-54-581(3)

(3) The bunk support shall be so constructed that the operator has a clear view ahead at all times.

WAC 296-54-581(4)

(4) Adequate means of communication shall be provided between the operator and the truck driver.

WAC 296-54-581(5)

(5) Eye protection and respirator shall be provided for the operator.

WAC 296-54-581(6)

(6) The trailer shall be equipped with fenders or splash plates to protect the operator from mud and dust so far as possible.

(7) If used during periods of reduced visibility on roads not under the control of the state department of transportation, counties, or cities, the trailer shall be equipped with head, tail, turn and stop lights. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-581, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-583

Stationary log truck trailer loading.

WAC 296-54-583(1)

(1) All loading devices shall be designed, constructed, and maintained in such a manner as to have a five to one safety factor for its rated load capacity.

WAC 296-54-583(2)

(2) Loaders shall be constructed of such height and width that they can be safely used to load the maximum-sized trailers they will be expected to handle without hanging up or striking the equipment.

WAC 296-54-583(3)

(3) Electric-powered trailer loading devices shall be equipped with a switch or device which will govern the upper direction of travel of the load line to a safe limit.

WAC 296-54-583(4)

(4) Electric motors used for hoisting purposes shall be equipped with approved overload switches or breakers.

WAC 296-54-583(5)

(5) All electrical switch controls shall not exceed twenty-four volts. All control switches shall be of the momentary contact type which require continuous manual pressure for hoist to operate.

WAC 296-54-583(6)

(6) Pendent-type control switches shall be suspended by a chain or other suitable device which will prevent placing a strain on the electrical cable.

WAC 296-54-583(7)

(7) Pendents shall be so installed that when retracted the control switch shall not touch the ground.

WAC 296-54-583(8)

(8) All electrical equipment shall be weatherproof-type or adequately protected from the weather, and shall meet or exceed the requirements of the National Electrical Code as promulgated by the director of the department of labor and industries pursuant to RCW 19.28.060.

WAC 296-54-583(9)

(9) Trailer loaders, except A-frame type or bridge crane, shall be equipped with reach guides or devices which will keep reach in proper alignment. A tag rope or other safe guidance device shall be used to guide trailers being loaded by use of an A-frame type loader.

WAC 296-54-583(10)

(10) Access roads and the area around the trailer loading devices shall be kept free of standing water and debris and maintained in good repair.

WAC 296-54-583(11)

(11) The maximum capacity load to be lifted shall be posted in a conspicuous location where it can be easily seen by any person operating the hoist.

WAC 296-54-583(12)

(12) Trailer loading equipment shall be periodically inspected at least every thirty days and shall be maintained in good repair. A written report shall be made and signed by the person making the inspection and kept on file by the company for twelve months.

WAC 296-54-583(13)

(13) A lifting test shall be conducted annually on each loading device and a written record showing the date, name of person conducting the test, amount of weight lifted and results shall be kept in the office of the employer or at the site. The test weight shall be at least one hundred twenty-five percent of the maximum rated load but not more than one hundred thirty percent of the maximum rated load.

WAC 296-54-583(14)

(14) Each drum shall be designed and arranged in such a manner that the line will maintain lead and spool evenly without chafing, crossing or kinking.

WAC 296-54-583(15)

(15) A braking system shall be installed which shall have the capability of safely braking and holding one and one-half times weight of the full rated load.

WAC 296-54-583(16)

(16) When trailers are to be loaded after dark, sufficient lights shall be provided for a safe operation. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-583, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-585

Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds--Storage and sorting areas--General requirements.

WAC 296-54-585(1)

(1) At no time shall one person be permitted to work alone.

WAC 296-54-585(2)

(2)

WAC 296-54-585(2)(a)

(a) Employees working on over or along water, where the danger of drowning exists, shall be provided with and shall wear approved personal flotation devices.

WAC 296-54-585(2)(b)

(b) Employees are not considered exposed to the danger of drowning when:

WAC 296-54-585(2)(b)(i)

WAC 296-54-585(2)(b)(i)

(i) The water depth is known to be less than chest deep on the exposed individual;

WAC 296-54-585(2)(b)(ii)

(ii) When working behind standard height and strength guardrails;

WAC 296-54-585(2)(b)(iii)

(iii) When working inside operating cabs or stations which eliminate the possibility of accidentally falling into the water;

WAC 296-54-585(2)(b)(iv)

(iv) When wearing approved safety belts with lifeline attached so as to preclude the possibility of falling into the water.

WAC 296-54-585(2)(c)

(c) Prior to and after each use, personal flotation devices shall be inspected for defects which would reduce their designed effectiveness. Defective personal flotation devices shall not be used.

WAC 296-54-585(2)(d)

(d) To meet the approved criteria required by subdivision (a), a personal flotation device shall be approved by the United States Coast Guard as a Type I PFD, Type II PFD, Type III PFD, or Type V PFD, or their equivalent, pursuant to 46 CFR 160 (Coast Guard Lifesaving Equipment Specifications) and 33 CFR 175.23 (Coast Guard table of devices equivalent to personal flotation devices). Ski belt or inflatable type personal flotation devices are specifically prohibited.

WAC 296-54-585(3)

(3) In operations where regular logging machinery, rigging, etc., is used, the applicable sections of these rules shall apply.

WAC 296-54-585(4)

(4) Artificial lights shall be provided and used where work is to be done between the hours of sunset and sunrise. Such lights shall be located in a manner that will be reasonably free of glare and provide uniform distribution of illumination and avoid sharply defined shadows.

WAC 296-54-585(5)

(5) On all log dumps, adequate power for the method used for unloading shall be provided. All machines used for hoisting, reloading or lowering purposes shall be of approved design and sufficient power to control or hold the maximum load imposed in mid-air.

WAC 296-54-585(6)

(6) Binders shall not be released from any load until an effective safeguard is provided.

WAC 296-54-585(7)

(7) All mobile log handling machines shall be equipped with a means or mechanism which will prevent the logs from accidentally leaving the forks, and shall be used.

WAC 296-54-585(8)

(8) The operator of the unloading machine shall have an unobstructed view of the unloading area or shall make certain no one is in the area where the logs are to be unloaded. Rearview mirrors shall be installed on mobile log handling equipment to assist the operator in ascertaining that the area behind the machine is clear before backing up.

WAC 296-54-585(9)

(9) Unloading lines shall be so arranged that it is not necessary for the workman to attach them on the pond or dump side of the load.

WAC 296-54-585(10)

(10) Life rings with a minimum of ninety feet of one-fourth-inch line with a minimum breaking strength of five hundred pounds attached, shall be provided at convenient points adjacent to water which is five feet or more in depth. Life rings shall be a minimum of thirty inches outside diameter and seventeen inches inside diameter and be maintained so as to retain a thirty-two pound positive buoyancy. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-585, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-587

Water dumps.

WAC 296-54-587(1)

(1) All water dumps shall have brow logs except when logs are lifted from the load. If portable equipment is used, adequate stops shall be provided to prevent equipment from running off the dump.

WAC 296-54-587(2)

(2) Where necessary for persons to walk alongside loads and equipment on trestles or fills, a minimum twenty-two inch wide walkway shall be provided, unless otherwise specified.

WAC 296-54-587(3)

(3) All decks and plankways on log dumps must be kept in good repair and free from bark and other debris. Roadways shall not be inclined more than one inch to twelve inches across the driving surface.

WAC 296-54-587(4)

(4) The use of small bridge-over logs, planking or timbers, between regular foot logs, or walkways, which will not support the weight of at least three persons are prohibited. All regular foot logs shall be barked on upper side.

WAC 296-54-587(5)

(5) Electric powered hoists using hand-held cord remote controls in grounded locations, shall be actuated by circuits operating at no more than twenty-four volts. All control switches shall be of the momentary contact type which requires continuous manual pressure for the hoist to operate.

WAC 296-54-587(6)

(6) Roadbeds at log dumps shall be hard packed gravel, heavy planking, or equivalent material, and shall be of sufficient width and even surface to insure safe operation of equipment.

WAC 296-54-587(7)

(7) Where logs are unloaded on to rollways, sufficient space shall be provided between the top of the skids and the ground to clear the body of a person.

WAC 296-54-587(8)

(8) When a brow log is used with a parbuckle system, all persons are prohibited from going between the brow log and the load of logs at any time.

WAC 296-54-587(9)

(9) A positive safeguard shall be provided to prevent logs from leaving the loads on the side opposite the dump. Unloading lines, crotch lines or equally effective means shall be arranged and used in a manner to prevent any log from swinging or rolling back.

WAC 296-54-587(10)

(10) All persons shall remain in the clear until all moving equipment has come to a complete stop.

WAC 296-54-587(11)

(11) Logs shall not be unloaded by peaves or similar manual methods, unless means are provided and used that eliminate the danger from rolling or swinging logs. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-587, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-589

Boom and rafting grounds.

WAC 296-54-589(1)

(1) Breaking of log jams by peavy method is prohibited, except in river drive or when jam occurs away from mechanical means or the dump.

WAC 296-54-589(2)

(2) Wooden pike poles shall be of continuous, straight-grained No. 1 material. Defective poles, blunt or dull pikes shall not be used. Conductive pike poles shall not be used where there is a possibility of coming in contact with energized electrical conductors.

WAC 296-54-589(3)

(3) Stiff booms shall be made by fastening not less than two boom sticks together. The width of a stiff boom shall be not less than thirty-six inches measured outside to outside of the logs. The boom sticks shall be fastened together with not less than 4" x 6" cross ties, or cable lashings notched into the boom sticks may be used when stiff booms are exposed to heavy swells. Stiff booms shall be kept free of loose bark and shall be maintained in good repair.

WAC 296-54-589(4)

(4) A walkway thirty-six inches wide with standard hand railing shall be provided from the shore end of stiff boom to shore.

WAC 296-54-589(5)

(5) All sorting gaps shall have a substantial stiff boom on each side of gaps. Such stiff booms or walkways shall be planked over.

WAC 296-54-589(6)

(6)

WAC 296-54-589(6)(a)

(a) Boom sticks shall be reasonably straight with no protruding knots or loose bark. They shall be capable of supporting above the water line at either end the weight of one worker and equipment or two hundred fifty pounds.

WAC 296-54-589(6)(b)

(b) Foot logs shall be reasonably straight with no protruding knots or loose bark and shall be of sufficient size to support above the water line at either end the weight of two workers and equipment or five hundred pounds.

WAC 296-54-589(7)

(7) Boom sticks which have been condemned as unsafe shall be marked by three chopped crosses ten feet from the butt end, and such sticks shall not be used as boom sticks.

WAC 296-54-589(8)

(8) Gaps between boom sticks shall not exceed twenty-four inches. All wire shall be removed from boom sticks and boom chains before they are re-used or hung in rafting stalls.

WAC 296-54-589(9)

(9) When permanent cable swifters are used they shall be arranged so that they are within easy reach of rafter without rolling boom sticks on which they are fastened. When cables become hazardous to use because of jaggers, they shall be discarded.

WAC 296-54-589(10)

(10) When floating donkeys or other power-driven machinery is used on boom, it shall be placed on a raft or float with enough buoyancy to keep the deck of such raft or float well above water. Wherever persons walk, the deck of the raft or float shall be planked over with not less than two inch planking, and kept in good repair.

WAC 296-54-589(11)

(11) When doglines used in rafting, brailing or stowing logs become hazardous to use because of jaggers, they shall be discarded.

WAC 296-54-589(12)

(12) Storing, sorting or any boom work, other than boom boat operations, shall require a minimum of two persons.

WAC 296-54-589(13)

(13) Sufficient walkways and floats shall be installed and securely anchored, to provide safe passage for workers.

WAC 296-54-589(14)

(14) Walkways alongside sorting gaps shall not be less than four feet wide. Other walkways shall be not less than twenty-two inches wide. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-589, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-591

Boats and mechanical devices on waters.

WAC 296-54-591(1)

(1) Prior to starting the boat motor, any spilled fuel shall be removed and vapors shall be exhausted from any area in which they may accumulate.

WAC 296-54-591(2)

(2) The bilge area shall be kept clean and oil, grease, fuel, or highly combustible materials shall not be allowed to accumulate.

WAC 296-54-591(3)

(3) Adequate ventilation equipment shall be provided and used for the bilge area to prevent the accumulation of toxic or explosive gases or vapors.

WAC 296-54-591(4)

(4) Adequate ventilation equipment shall be provided and used for the cabin area on enclosed-cabin type boats to prevent an accumulation of harmful gases or vapors.

WAC 296-54-591(5)

(5) Deck and cabin lighting shall be provided and used where necessary to provide safe levels of illumination aboard boats. Boats operated during the period from sunset to sunrise, or in conditions of restricted visibility, shall display navigation lights as required by the United States Coast Guard. Searchlights or floodlights shall be provided to facilitate safe navigation and to illuminate working or boarding areas adjacent to the craft.

WAC 296-54-591(6)

(6) On craft used by workers wearing calked shoes, all areas where the operator or workers must stand or walk shall be made of or be covered with wood or other suitable matting or nonslip material and such covering shall be maintained in good condition.

WAC 296-54-591(7)

(7) Each boat shall be provided with a fire extinguisher and life ring with at least fifty feet of one-fourth inch line attached. On log broncs, boomscooters, or other small boomboats where all occupants are required to wear life saving devices and a life ring would present a tripping hazard, the life ring may be omitted.

WAC 296-54-591(8)

(8)

WAC 296-54-591(8)(a)

(a) Along docks, walkways, or other fixed installations on or adjacent to open water more than five feet deep, approved life rings with at least ninety feet of one-fourth inch line attached, shall be provided. The life rings shall be spaced at intervals not to exceed two hundred feet and shall be kept in easily visible and readily accessible locations.

WAC 296-54-591(8)(b)

(b) When employees are assigned work at other casual locations where exposure to drowning exists, at least one approved life ring with at least ninety feet of line attached, shall be provided in the immediate vicinity of the work assigned.

WAC 296-54-591(8)(c)

(c) Where work is assigned over water where the vertical drop from an accidental fall would exceed fifty feet, special arrangements shall be made with and approved by the department of labor and industries prior to such assignment.

WAC 296-54-591(8)(d)

(d) Lines attached to life rings on fixed installations shall be at least ninety feet in length, at least one-fourth-inch in diameter, and have a minimum breaking strength of five hundred pounds. Similar lines attached to life rings on boats shall be at least fifty feet in length.

WAC 296-54-591(8)(e)

(e) Life rings must be United States Coast Guard approved thirty-inch size.

WAC 296-54-591(8)(f)

(f) Life rings and attached lines shall be maintained to retain at least seventy-five percent of their designed buoyancy and strength.

WAC 296-54-591(9)

(9) Log broncs, boomscooters, and boomboats shall not be loaded with personnel or equipment so as to adversely affect their stability or seaworthiness.

WAC 296-54-591(10)

(10) Boats shall not be operated at an excessive speed or handled recklessly. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-591, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-593

Dry land sorting and storage.

WAC 296-54-593(1)

(1) Unauthorized foot and vehicle traffic shall not be permitted in the sorting or storage area.

WAC 296-54-593(2)

(2) Logs shall be stored in a safe and orderly manner. Roadways and traffic lanes shall be kept clear of protruding ends of logs and debris.

WAC 296-54-593(3)

(3) Dry deck log storage areas shall be kept orderly and maintained in a condition conducive to safe operation of mobile equipment. Roadways and walkways shall have a smooth hard-packed surface wide enough to permit a safe operation. Bark, mud, and other debris shall not be allowed to accumulate to the extent it constitutes a hazard to the operation.

WAC 296-54-593(4)

(4) At log dumps, sorting and storage areas, an effective means shall be provided and used to control dust.

WAC 296-54-593(5)

(5) Only an authorized person shall operate or ride any lift truck, log stacker, or log unloader.

WAC 296-54-593(6)

(6) Signaling log unloader operators at dry deck areas by throwing bark or chips in the air is prohibited. Hand, horn signals or other safe, effective means shall be used at all times.

WAC 296-54-593(7)

(7) Unnecessary talking to operator while engaged in operating controls of log stacker or log unloader is forbidden.

WAC 296-54-593(8)

(8) Lift forks and arms of unloading machines shall be lowered to their lowest position, and all equipment brakes set prior to the operator leaving his machine unattended.

WAC 296-54-593(9)

(9) Log unloaders or stackers shall not be moved about the premises for distances greater than absolutely necessary with the lift extended above the drivers head or with loads lifted higher than is necessary for vision.

WAC 296-54-593(10)

(10) When truck drivers are out of the cab, they shall be in the clear, and in view of the log unloader before the lift forks are moved under the load and the lift is made.

WAC 296-54-593(11)

(11) Where logs are offloaded onto a dry deck by means of unloading lines, a mechanism shall be used which is self-releasing. Employees shall be prohibited from ascending dry decks to release unloading lines.

WAC 296-54-593(12)

(12) Persons shall not position themselves in the hazardous area near or under loads of logs being lifted, moved or suspended.

WAC 296-54-593(13)

(13) Jackets or vests of fluorescent or other high visibility material shall be worn by persons working on dry land log storages. Hard hats shall be of a contrasting color or shall have high visibility tape affixed thereon.

WAC 296-54-593(14)

(14) Log unloaders and log stackers designed in a manner whereby logs being handled may jeopardize the safety of the operator shall be provided with overhead protection and any other safeguards needed to afford adequate protection.

WAC 296-54-593(15)

(15) Log unloaders and log stackers shall be equipped with a horn or other audible warning device. If vision is impaired or restricted to the rear, the warning device shall be sounded before operating the vehicle in reverse gear and sounded intermittently during the entire backing operation. The warning device shall be maintained in an operative condition.

WAC 296-54-593(16)

(16) Each log-handling machine shall be equipped with a braking system which is capable of stopping and holding the machine with maximum load on any grade on which it may be required to work.

WAC 296-54-593(17)

(17) A limit stop, which will prevent the lift arms from over-traveling, shall be installed on electric powered log unloaders.

WAC 296-54-593(18)

(18) Shear guards shall be installed on unloading machines and similar types of equipment on which the arms pivot and move alongside the operator creating a pinch point at that location.

WAC 296-54-593(19)

(19) All forklift type machines shall be equipped with grapple arms and the arms shall be used whenever logs are being moved.

WAC 296-54-593(20)

(20) When log trucks are loaded by the use of a log stacker and the lay of any log is higher than the stakes, the log stacker shall remain against the completed load, or other suitable protection provided, to prevent the logs from falling until at least two wrappers and binders have been applied.

WAC 296-54-593(21)

(21) All binders and wrappers shall remain on the load until an approved safeguard has been provided to prevent logs from rolling off the side of the truck or trailer when binders are released. A shear log, or equivalent means, shall be provided to ensure the log truck will be stationed close enough to the wrapper rack so that a log cannot fall between the log truck and the wrapper rack when removing binders and wrappers. At least one binder shall remain secured while relocating or tightening other binders. Crotch lines, forklifts, log stackers, log unloaders, or other effective means shall be used for this purpose.

WAC 296-54-593(22)

(22) An extra wrapper or metal band of equal strength shall be placed to hold the logs when it is necessary to remove a wrapper to prevent it from being fouled by the unloading machine.

WAC 296-54-593(23)

(23) Machines of the type having arms which block the regular exit when in the up position, shall have an emergency exit installed.

WAC 296-54-593(24)

(24) Seat provided. Riding on any part of a log handling machine except under the canopy guard is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-593(25)

(25) Identification tags shall not be applied or pulled unless logs are resting in a stationary place, such as bunks, cradles, skids, or sorting tables.

WAC 296-54-593(26)

(26) No person shall approach the immediate vicinity of a forklift-type log handling machine without first notifying the operator of his intention and receiving an acknowledgement from the operator.

WAC 296-54-593(27)

(27) When forklift-type machines are used to load, unload, or handle trailers, a positive means of holding the lifting attachment to the fork shall be installed and used.

WAC 296-54-593(28)

(28) When dry land log dumps use unloading methods similar to those of water dumps, the safety standards for water dumps shall apply to dry land dumps.

WAC 296-54-593(29)

(29) When logs are handled between the hours of sunset and sunrise or other periods of poor visibility, illumination shall be provided consistent with chapter WAC 296-62, general occupational health standards, pertaining to illumination.

WAC 296-54-593(30)

(30) Air operated stake releases shall be in conformity with the following requirements:

WAC 296-54-593(30)(a)

(a) The air supply shall be taken from the "wet" air reservoir or from the accessory air line to a spring loaded, normally closed control valve.

WAC 296-54-593(30)(b)

(b) The control valve shall be located in the cab, positioned so that it is accessible only from the operator's position.

WAC 296-54-593(30)(c)

(c) The control valve shall be fitted with a spring loaded cover or be otherwise guarded against inadvertent operation.

WAC 296-54-593(30)(d)

(d) A separate air line shall extend from the control valve to the tractor and trailer stake release chambers. The air line shall be clearly identified or installed in such a manner as to preclude it from being mistaken for the service or emergency air line. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-593, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-593, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-595

Railroad operations.

WAC 296-54-595(1)

(1) All persons employed in any service on trains or rail operations, which are not engaged in interstate commerce, are subject to and shall be conversant with all rules and special instructions.

WAC 296-54-595(2)

(2) Employees must render every assistance in their power in carrying out these rules and special instructions and must report to the proper official any violation thereof.

WAC 296-54-595(3)

(3) Accidents, detention of trains or speeders, failure in supply of fuel or water, defects in track, bridges, or signals, must be properly reported to the supervisor by the quickest possible method.

WAC 296-54-595(4)

(4) Any logging railroad may maintain a special set of operating rules applicable to their operation, provided that said rules are acceptable to the division of industrial safety and health, department of labor and industries.

WAC 296-54-595(5)

(5) Each logging railroad operation which has more than one piece of railroad equipment in operation, must have a dispatcher on duty. All equipment must receive clearance from dispatcher.

WAC 296-54-595(6)

(6) Train crew size shall be dependent upon the number of persons needed to safely operate the train under all prevailing conditions; however, when necessary to set hand brakes, two or more persons shall be assigned to set the brakes and give signals.

WAC 296-54-595(7)

(7) All locomotives shall be equipped with sanding devices for both rails, front and rear, in proper working order. Clean, dry sand should be used.

WAC 296-54-595(8)

(8) Locomotives shall be equipped with power brakes (air or steam) on all driving wheels. Tenders also shall have power brakes.

WAC 296-54-595(9)

(9) All locomotives and speeders, operating between sunset and sunrise or other periods of reduced visibility, shall be equipped with and use head lights which shine in the direction of travel. The lights shall be of sufficient candlepower so the train can be stopped within range of the light beam. Cab lights shall be provided and maintained so the operators can see from their required positions the gauges and equipment necessary for operation.

WAC 296-54-595(10)

(10) All locomotives shall be equipped with proper grab irons, hand holds, steps, and running boards.

WAC 296-54-595(11)

(11) All locomotives shall be equipped with automatic couplers, suitable for low or high draw-bars.

WAC 296-54-595(12)

(12) On all rolling stock, wheels which have sharp or badly worn flanges, shall be replaced. Avoid the use of flat wheels.

WAC 296-54-595(13)

(13) All locomotives with tender shall have an apron of proper length and width to insure safety and which shall be roughened to insure secure footing.

WAC 296-54-595(14)

(14) Handholds and footboards shall be provided on locomotive cranes, except where cab overhangs end of car.

WAC 296-54-595(15)

(15) Trains and speeders shall not exceed a safe speed.

WAC 296-54-595(16)

(16) A terminal test of air brakes shall be made by trainmen before leaving the terminal. Enginemen shall not proceed until they are satisfied by brake action that brakes are able to control the train.

WAC 296-54-595(17)

(17) All of the cars in a train shall have their brakes in good operating condition.

WAC 296-54-595(18)

(18) On railroads where joint operations of two or more firms are necessary, trains shall not be dispatched less than fifteen minutes apart. Red lights shall be displayed on the rear of such trains at night or when visibility is poor.

WAC 296-54-595(19)

(19) Whenever cars are left on grades, derailers shall be provided. Derail signs shall be placed near derailers. In setting out equipment, care shall be used in seeing that proper clearance is provided.

WAC 296-54-595(20)

(20) Standard pressure for mountain grades requires a pressure of ninety pounds in train pipe, one hundred ten pounds in main reservoirs (low pressure) and one hundred thirty pounds in high pressure to insure quick releasing of brakes and recharging of auxiliaries. Engineer shall see that his engine carries these pressures and that sanders, both forward and rear, are in working order. On all heavy grades the high pressure retaining valve must be used and before train is started from landing, a test of brakes must be made and piston travel adjusted, if necessary, and retaining valves put up. Engineer shall start train away from landing slowly, giving wheels a chance to roll before applying brakes and, to avoid skidding of wheels, using sand freely. Brakes should then be applied immediately and released, allowing the retaining valves to hold the train while train pipe and auxiliaries are being recharged. Train speed should be held to the required rate by setting and releasing brakes as it is necessary to control train.

WAC 296-54-595(21)

(21) When it is necessary to leave loads on pass while switching a side, loads must be left close to derailer, air set and sufficient hand brakes set up, before cutting engine from train.

WAC 296-54-595(22)

(22) Enginemen must see car or signalman when making couplings, giving trainmen ample time to align drawheads and open knuckles of coupler, especially on curves, except when using radios.

WAC 296-54-595(23)

(23) Drawbars should not be aligned with the foot while cars or engines are in motion. Trainmen shall not climb between cars while in motion. Enginemen shall not drift too close to switches which are to be thrown. Position of switch points should always be observed after throwing switch. Switch lever should be pushed firmly into the notch before leaving the switch. No persons except trainmen, unless authorized, shall ride on engine foot-boards. No object shall be thrown from train or engine while in motion. Bell shall be rung or whistle blown, before moving locomotive.

WAC 296-54-595(24)

(24) No equipment shall be pushed ahead of locomotive unless a brakeman is on head car in constant view of engineer or second brakeman in position to intercept and pass signal to engineer.

WAC 296-54-595(25)

(25) In addition to air brakes, hand brakes must be provided on all cars and maintained in good working order.

WAC 296-54-595(26)

(26) Hand brakes must be easily accessible to brakemen when cars are loaded. When wheels or staff brakes are used they should be placed on the side opposite the brow log at the dump to prevent their damage when cars are unloaded. All switch throws, walkways and cleared areas for brakemen shall be on the hand brake side.

WAC 296-54-595(27)

(27) All brake hickeys shall be made from three-fourths inch hexagon steel (high grade) and be twenty-four inches with a good claw on one end to fit the wheel and a knob on opposite end to prevent slipping from brakeman's hand.

WAC 296-54-595(28)

(28) All railroad trucks and cars, where brakes are set by hand while in motion, shall have good footboards and toeboards on the brake end.

WAC 296-54-595(29)

(29) A ten inch bunk block is recommended on all trucks to prevent logs from slipping over block.

WAC 296-54-595(30)

(30) All cars other than logging trucks must have hand hold and foot steps to permit persons to get on and off easily and safely.

WAC 296-54-595(31)

(31) All cars and trucks regularly operated must have automatic couplers.

WAC 296-54-595(32)

(32) Locomotives and cabooses shall carry the following equipment:

1 red light (lantern type)

3 red flags

At least 3 fuses

WAC 296-54-595(33)

(33) When a train stops between telephones, or where the rear of a train extends beyond yard limits, the rear of the train must be properly protected.

WAC 296-54-595(34)

(34) Whistle sign board shall be placed one thousand two hundred feet from each side of highway crossings.

WAC 296-54-595(35)

(35) A rail clamp shall be placed to hold cars left on a grade on main line or spurs.

WAC 296-54-595(36)

(36) All cars and trucks shall be legibly numbered so that those with defects may be reported and taken out of service. Each locomotive, speeder, or other self-propelled vehicles shall be numbered, or otherwise made readily identifiable.

WAC 296-54-595(37)

(37) All cars used for hauling logs shall be equipped with patent stake bunks, or bunks with chock blocks and/or chains, so constructed that block can be released from opposite end of bunk unless solid stakes are used.

WAC 296-54-595(38)

(38) All main line trains of more than ten loaded cars shall have a caboose at the rear of the train.

WAC 296-54-595(39)

(39) All operations having both truck roads and railroads, shall post signs at intersections same as public crossings.

Engine whistle signals. The following engine whistle signals are established as standard and are taken from the American Association of Railroads. The signals prescribed are illustrated by "o" for short sounds and "-" for long sounds. Audible whistle shall be sounded when approaching camps, junctions, grade crossings and other prescribed places in conformity with the American Association of Railroads:

One short ..... (o)Stop, apply brakes.

Two long ..... (- -)Release brakes.

Three long ..... (- - -)When running, train parted, to be repeated until answered by hand signal.

Two short ..... (oo)Answer to any signals not otherwise provided for.

Three short ..... (ooo)When train is standing back.

Four short ..... (oooo)Call for signals.

Two long, two short ..... (- - oo)Approaching highway crossing at grade.

One long ..... (-)Approaching station, rollway, chute, crossing, junctions, and derailers. When standing, air leak.

Six long ..... (- - - - - -)Repeated at intervals, call for section men, train derailed.

One long, three short ..... (- ooo)Flagman to go back and protect rear of train.

Four long ..... (- - - -)Foreman.

Five long ..... (- - - - -)Flagman to return from any direction.

Long, short ..... (- o- o- o)Repeated four or more times, fire alarm.

Seven long, two short ..... (- - - - - - - oo)Repeated, man hurt.

One long, one short ..... (- o)Repeated at intervals, closing down.

Groups of shorts repeated ..... (ooooooo)Danger of runaway.

Unnecessary use of whistle is prohibited. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-595, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-595, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-597

Railroad maintenance--Loading or unloading.

WAC 296-54-597(1)

(1) Track gangs, bridge crews, etc., when working on railroads in use shall place a yellow caution flag by day and a yellow lantern by night a sufficient distance both directions from the crew to protect them against approaching equipment. The operator of said equipment shall acknowledge the signal by two short blasts of the whistle or horn and proceed with caution. When said crews are removing or replacing a rail or are performing any other work that would make it necessary for approaching equipment to come to a stop, they shall place a red flag by day and a red lantern by night in the center of the track a sufficient distance in both directions from the crew to protect them against said equipment. The operator of approaching equipment shall acknowledge the signal by one short blast of the whistle or horn and shall come to a dead stop and remain standing until the signal is removed by the person who placed it, or until investigation proves that the track is safe for passage. If a flagman is used, the above provision need not apply.

WAC 296-54-597(2)

(2) Where clearance is scant, warning signs or signals shall be posted.

WAC 296-54-597(3)

(3) Switch throws should be kept well oiled and targets and signs in good legible condition.

WAC 296-54-597(4)

(4) Standard clearances shall be maintained at all points on the right of way except where necessarily restricted where loading or unloading operations are performed or at water tanks, fuel tanks, etc. Warning signs shall be posted at all such locations.

WAC 296-54-597(5)

(5) Whenever workmen are repairing, working on or in railroad equipment, loading or unloading cars or performing other duties where there is danger of the railroad equipment being struck by other moving railroad equipment; proper means, methods or safeguards shall be used to protect such workmen. A derail shall be used to prevent other rail equipment from contacting such cars or equipment or endangering the workmen. After cars are spotted, blue flags shall be placed in the center of the tracks at least fifty feet from the end car during the day and blue lights shall be installed at such locations at night. Flags, lanterns and derails shall be removed only by the person placing them unless they are to remain posted for a longer period of time, in which case one person on each oncoming shift shall be responsible to ascertain that they are in place and he shall not remove such safeguards until he investigates to make certain all persons are in the clear. Operators of approaching equipment shall not pass or remove a flag or lantern which is properly posted. Cars or other equipment shall not be placed where it will obscure the signal from an operator controlling approaching equipment. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-597, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-599

Truck and equipment maintenance shops.

It is recognized that the usual hazards encountered in maintenance shops performing work on logging and related equipment would be very similar to those found in general repair, machine or welding shops; therefore, the rules contained in the general safety and health standards and other applicable safety standards promulgated and administered by the department of labor and industries shall apply to such places of work. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-599, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-601

Signals and signal systems.

WAC 296-54-601(1)

(1) Standard hand or whistle signals as described or illustrated herein, shall be used for the movement of rigging, logs, or equipment when using a high lead, slackline, or cable skidder system for yarding. For hand signal illustrations, see Figure 4.

WAC 296-54-601(2)

(2) Voice communications may be used for yarding under the following conditions:

WAC 296-54-601(2)(a)

(a) Voice communications by use of radio frequencies may be used to transmit instructions and directions to the yarder operator when using a grapple type logging system, providing no person is in a hazardous area near live rigging.

WAC 296-54-601(2)(b)

(b) Voice communication may be used to instruct the yarder operator when picking up an occasional log with the use of a choker on a grapple system, providing the grapple is on the ground prior to the setting of the choker and that no lines are moved by the operator until the person setting the choker has returned to a safe location away from any running lines. At no time shall chokers be used on the grapple system during the hours of darkness or during periods of reduced visibility to such extent that the yarder operator cannot clearly see the workmen setting the choker. When a number of logs are required to be yarded by using chokers instead of the grapple, the requirements specified for high lead type of logging shall apply.

WAC 296-54-601(2)(c)

(c) Voice communications by use of radio frequencies may be used to transmit instructions and directions to the yarder operator when using a balloon system for yarding. The person operating the radio shall ascertain that all crew members are in the clear before transmitting instructions which would cause any line or turn to move. The person giving such instructions shall keep the crew members informed as to which movements will commence. The whistle shall be blown before moving any running line.

WAC 296-54-601(2)(d)

(d) The Federal Communications Commission rules require that assigned call letters be used in conjunction with voice communications.

WAC 296-54-601(3)

(3) Voice communications on the same radio frequencies used to transmit skyline, highlead, slackline, or skidder whistle signals (154.57 and 154.60 MHz channels), shall be prohibited.

Note: If voice is received on 154.57 or 154.60 MHz channels, it is recommended the Assistant Director, Department of Labor and Industries, Division of Industrial Safety and Health, P.O. Box 207, Olympia, Washington 98504, (Phone 206/753-6500) be contacted as soon as possible to enable the department to ascertain the source of the voice transmission.

WAC 296-54-601(4)

(4) If a standard signal is not listed for an unusual or new situation, a hand or whistle signal other than any listed for the type of yarding being done may be used for the specific situation only. Any special signals so developed shall be understood by all persons required to work in the area which may be affected by their use.

WAC 296-54-601(5)

(5) A copy of the standard hand and whistle signals shall be posted on the yarder and at places where crews congregate. For tractor logging operations, hand signals shall be posted at places frequented by the crew members such as in crew buses, etc.

WAC 296-54-601(6)

(6) Only one workman in any crew shall give signals at the point where chokers are being set. Any person is authorized to give a stop signal when a workman is in danger or other emergency condition is apparent.

WAC 296-54-601(7)

(7) Hand signals are permitted only when the signal person is in plain sight of the machine operator and when visibility is such that the signals are discernible. Hand signals may be used at any time as an emergency stop signal.

WAC 296-54-601(8)

(8) Throwing of any type of material as a signal is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-601(9)

(9) The use of a jerk wire signal system for any type of yarding operation is prohibited.

WAC 296-54-601(10)

(10) All persons shall be in the clear before any signal is given to move the rigging, logs, or turns, and movement of rigging, logs, or turns shall not commence until after the proper signals have been given.

WAC 296-54-601(11)

(11) Machine operators shall not move any line unless the signal received is clear and distinct. If in doubt, the operator shall repeat the signal as understood and wait for confirmation.

WAC 296-54-601(12)

(12) A horn or whistle which is automatically activated by the radio or electric signaling system shall be used on each yarder used for skyline, high lead, skidder or slackline system of yarding, except where hand signals are permissible. The horn or whistle shall emit a sound which will be clearly audible to all persons in the affected area. Such a horn or whistle shall also be required on combination yarding and loading machines and tree pullers. Audible signals are not necessary on grapple or other yarding systems where persons are not exposed to the movement of logs or rigging.

WAC 296-54-601(13)

(13) Each unit of the signal or control system in use, shall be tested daily before operations begin. Audible signals used for test purposes shall not include signals used for the movement of lines or materials.

WAC 296-54-601(14)

(14) Citizen band (CB) radios shall not be used to activate any signal, machine, or process, either automatically or by voice. This shall not prohibit the use of CB radios for communication between sides, vehicles, work units, or for emergency situations.

WAC 296-54-601(15)

(15) When audible whistle signals are being used simultaneously by yarding and loading machines at a landing, signal whistle or horn tones used in connection with machine movements shall be so differentiated as to distinctively identify any intended work movement of either machine. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), {WAC 296-54-601, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-601, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-603

Electric signal systems.

WAC 296-54-603(1)

(1) Where an electrical signal system is used, all wire and attachments shall be of the weatherproof type and all connections shall be weatherproof.

WAC 296-54-603(2)

(2) Electric signal systems shall be properly installed and adjusted. They shall be protected against accidental signaling and shall be maintained in good operating condition at all times. Sufficient signal wire shall be provided to enable good voice contact between the whistle punk and rigging crew at all times. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-603, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-605

Radio systems used for voice communication, activation of audible signals, or equipment.

WAC 296-54-605(1)

(1) Every employer who uses a radio signaling or control system (voice or functions) shall comply with or exceed the minimum requirements specified in this section.

WAC 296-54-605(2)

(2) A valid operating permit shall be obtained by the owner from the division of industrial safety and health, department of labor and industries, prior to putting into use any radio signaling or control system (voice or functions) intended to be used in conjunction with any type of cable logging operation. Permits will be issued only for systems licensed for such use and using those carrier frequencies as authorized by the Federal Communications Commission. In addition, permits will be granted only when tone or function frequencies are compatible with other radio systems in use and when in compliance with all other applicable requirements contained in this safety standard.

WAC 296-54-605(3)

(3) The division of industrial safety and health reserves the right to designate the use of radio frequencies for certain purposes or functions, for example, certain frequencies may be used for voice transmission of instruction, others for tone coded functions, or activation of signaling devices. No single tone sets shall be permitted for logging purposes. The division may also designate which tone frequencies may be used for the activation of a signaling device or for control of equipment on certain federal communication assigned carrier frequencies.

WAC 296-54-605(4)

(4) A list of tone frequencies which may be used with any Federal Communications Commission assigned carrier frequencies will be made available by the division of industrial safety and health to any interested person, firm, or corporation upon request.

WAC 296-54-605(5)

(5) The division of industrial safety and health shall assign the area or areas in which a radio signaling system may be used and shall so mark on the permit. Radio signaling systems shall not be used in any area other than indicated on the permit. (See Figure 10 for map of areas.)

WAC 296-54-605(6)

(6) The person or firm name on the permit shall be the same as the person or firm operating the radio signaling system except for loaner or rental sets. A person or firm using a loaner or rental set shall be responsible for the radio signal system as if they were the owner of the set. The application for a permit to use a radio signaling system shall contain the following information:

WAC 296-54-605(6)(a)

(a) Name and address of applicant.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(b)

(b) The radio frequencies of the radio signaling device in MHz.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(c)

(c) The tone frequency or frequencies of the radio signaling system used to activate a horn, whistle, or control equipment in Hz. The security gate, or pulse tone, shall be shown first.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(d)

(d) The name of the manufacturer of the radio signaling system.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(e)

(e) The serial number of the receiving unit.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(f)

(f) The state assigned area or location in which the unit will operate.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(g)

(g) Indicate type of signaling used.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(h)

(h) From whom the system was purchased or acquired, and the date of acquisition of the system.

WAC 296-54-605(6)(i)

(i) Intended use and function of system.

WAC 296-54-605(7)

(7) The permit granted by the department shall be attached to the case of the receiver of the radio signaling system for which it is granted.

WAC 296-54-605(8)

(8) Each radio receiver shall have its radio carrier frequency in MHz and tone frequency(s) in Hz indicated on the outside case of the receiver. The manufacturer's name and serial number shall also be permanently indicated on the outside of the case. When the duration or width of the tone frequencies performs a function, the one duration/width shall also be permanently indicated on the outside of the receiver case. Each transmitter shall be identified with its receiver. Two or more receivers in operation simultaneously on the same tone frequency shall be prohibited.

WAC 296-54-605(9)

(9) It shall be the responsibility of the owner of any radio signaling system to notify the division of industrial safety and health, department of labor and industries, immediately, if the signal system is:

WAC 296-54-605(9)(a)

(a) Permanently retired (in what manner and date retired).

WAC 296-54-605(9)(b)

(b) Sold (submit name and address of purchaser and date sold).

WAC 296-54-605(9)(c)

(c) Removed from the state (name of state to which moved and date moved).

WAC 296-54-605(9)(d)

(d) Stolen (date).

WAC 296-54-605(10)

(10) Two operable transmitters shall be carried by separate individuals at the point where chokers are being set at all times when transmitters are being used for tone signaling by persons around the live rigging in the choker setting area. Only one radio transmitter shall be required if in the possession of a signalperson who has no other duties and remains in an area where there are no hazards created by the moving rigging or logs. If the total crew consists of a yarder operator and one person in the rigging, only one transmitter is required provided a positive system is instituted and used to check on the well-being of the person in the rigging.

WAC 296-54-605(11)

(11) When interference, overlap, fadeout, or blackout of radio signals is encountered, the use of the device shall be discontinued immediately. The use of the device shall not be resumed until the source of trouble has been detected and corrected.

WAC 296-54-605(12)

(12) All radio signaling systems put into use for the first time after the effective date of these safety standards, shall meet or exceed the minimum performance specifications contained in WAC 296-54-607 of these safety standards, and, when altered or repaired, shall continue to meet such specifications.

WAC 296-54-605(13)

(13) At least one make and model of each signaling system shall be tested and certified that it meets or exceeds the minimum requirements for performance as specified in WAC 296-54-607. A copy of such performance report shall be signed by the person or persons who tested the unit or components and shall be sent to the Division of Industrial Safety and Health, Department of Labor and Industries, P.O. Box 207, Olympia, Washington 98504.

WAC 296-54-605(14)

(14) Radio equipment shall not be used without displaying a permit as required by this standard. The permit shall be prominently displayed on the outside case of the receiver of the unit or, for radio controlled carriages, on the transmitter in the yarder.

WAC 296-54-605(15)

(15) Adjustments, repairs, or alterations of radio signaling devices shall be done only by or under the immediate supervision and responsibility of a person holding a first-class or second-class commercial radio operator's license, either radio-telephone or radio-telegraph, issued by the Federal Communications Commission. Persons who do not possess the technical ability or do not have the proper equipment to cause the signaling systems to function within required tolerances shall not attempt to repair, alter, or adjust such systems.

WAC 296-54-605(16)

(16) Radio frequencies assigned to systems for which voice communications may be used to give signals to the yarder operator, shall not be the same frequencies as those assigned for whistle signals used in skyline, highlead, slackline, or cable skidder systems.

WAC 296-54-605(17)

(17) When hazardous interference is created by moving a voice communication system into an area where a system is already in use on the same frequency, use of the newly-moved system shall be immediately discontinued until the problem of interference has been corrected.

WAC 296-54-605(18)

(18) Before moving any unit from one assigned geographical area to another (see area map, Figure 10 following this section), a new permit shall be applied for and secured from the Division of Industrial Safety and Health, Department of Labor and Industries, P.O. Box 207, Olympia, Washington 98504.

WAC 296-54-605, Illus. 1 1420

WAC 296-54-605, Illus. 2970

areas for use of radio signaling systems for logging operations

WAC 296-54-605, Illus. 31600

STATE OF WASHINGTON

Department of Labor and Industries

Division of Industrial Safety

and Health

A permit issued by the division of industrial safety and health shall be attached to the outside of the receiver which shall indicate the area in which the radio signaling equipment may be used. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), {WAC 296-54-605, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-605, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-607

Radio signal systems--Specifications and test procedures.

All radio-signaling systems put into use for the first time after the effective date of these rules shall meet or exceed the following requirements, specifications, tolerance, and tests and such systems, when altered or repaired, shall meet the same minimum requirements.

WAC 296-54-607(1)

(1) Radio-signaling systems used to transmit whistle signals or control functions of equipment associated with skyline, highlead, slackline, or cable skidder systems of logging shall transmit and decode only by the use of authorized multi-tone frequencies. Only sequential tones may be used to transmit signals or control equipment when utilizing carrier frequencies of 154.57 or 154.60 MHz.

WAC 296-54-607(2)

(2) The receiver sensitivity shall be capable of attaining .6 microvolt, or greater, for 12 db SINAD ratio for VHF frequencies and .7 microvolt, or greater, for UHF frequencies. Effective January 1, 1984, all radio systems receiver sensitivity shall be capable of attaining .4 microvolt, or greater, for 12 db SINAD ratio for VHF frequencies and .5 microvolt, or greater, for UHF frequencies. When interference is a factor, the receiver may be desensitized in the furtherance of safety by a person qualified in accordance with WAC 296-54-605(15).

WAC 296-54-607(3)

(3) The receiver spurious attenuation shall be at least 40 db when measured by the 20 db quieting method. On all new radio systems put into service after the effective date of these standards, the receiver spurious attenuation shall be at least 60 db when measured by the 20 db quieting method. Effective January 1, 1984, all new radio signal systems shall be required to have receiver spurious attenuation of at least 70 db when measured by the 20 db quieting method and shall have image response attenuation of 60 db when measured by the 20 db quieting method. Effective January 1, 1989, all radio signal systems shall be required to have receiver spurious attenuation of at least 70 db when measured by the 20 db quieting method and image response attenuation of 60 db when measured by the 20 db quieting method.

Note: Spurious response attenuation is a measure of the receiver's ability to discriminate between a desired signal to which it is resonant and an undesired signal at any other frequency to which it is also responsive.

WAC 296-54-607(4)

(4) The receiver selectivity shall be more than 40 db plus or minus 30 KHz. All new radio signal systems put into service after the effective date of these standards, the receiver selectivity shall be at least 60 db plus or minus 30 KHz. Effective January 1, 1984, all new radio signal systems purchased and used shall have receiver selectivity of at least 80 db plus or minus 30 KHz. Effective January 1, 1989, all radio signal systems shall have receiver selectivity of at least 80 db plus or minus 30 KHz, when measured by the E.*I.A. SINAD method.

WAC 296-54-607(5)

(5) The receiver-decoder tone frequency stability shall not exceed .006 (.6%) above or below the assigned tone frequency.

WAC 296-54-607(6)

(6) The drift of a transmitter-encoder tone shall not exceed .006 (.6%) above or below the assigned tone frequency.

WAC 296-54-607(7)

(7) Parts of the radio-signaling system affected by moisture, which may be subjected to the entrance of moisture during use, shall be weatherproofed. Transmitters shall be tested within fifteen minutes after being subjected to the following conditions and shall have the ability to continue functioning properly. The transmitter and receiver shall be placed in a humidity chamber for eight hours where the humidity has been maintained at not less than ninety percent and where a 40 degrees C. temperature has been maintained.

WAC 296-54-607(8)

(8) Radio-signaling system units shall operate within tolerances specified at any temperature within the range of -30 degrees C. to +60 degrees C.

WAC 296-54-607(9)

(9) Switches of transmitters used to send whistle signals or activate equipment associated with high lead, slackline, or cable skidder systems of logging shall be designed in such a manner whereby two buttons, motions or a combination of these shall be required simultaneously to cause activation of the system. Arrangement of the activating switches shall be such that the operator can transmit signals easily but cannot easily activate a control or command function accidentally.

WAC 296-54-607(10)

(10) All receivers intended to be mounted on or in the yarder or similar equipment, and all portable transmitters, shall continue to maintain specified mechanical and electrical performance during and after being subjected to vibration of the magnitude and amplitude as follows: The equipment shall be vibrated with simple harmonic motion having an amplitude of 0.015" (total excursion 0.03") with the frequency varied uniformly between 10 and 30 Hz and an amplitude of 0.0075" (total excursion 0.015") with the frequency varied uniformly between 30 and 60 Hz. The entire cycle of frequencies for each group (i.e., 10 to 30 cycles and 30 to 60 cycles) shall be accomplished in five minutes and repeated three times. The above motion shall be applied for a total period of thirty minutes in each direction, namely, the directions parallel to both axes of the base and perpendicular to the plane of the base.

WAC 296-54-607(11)

(11) All portable transmitters shall continue to maintain specified mechanical and electrical performance after being subjected to a shock test as follows: The equipment shall be dropped once on each of five surfaces from a height of four feet onto a smooth concrete floor.

WAC 296-54-607(12)

(12) Transmitters operating on carrier frequencies of 154.57 MHz and on 154.60 MHz shall be limited on maximum power output not to exceed 500 mW measured at the antenna terminals.

WAC 296-54-607(13)

(13) To minimize the possibility of interference with other signaling systems, the input power of transmitters operating in the 450 MHz range should be limited to only the amount needed to transmit to the receiver of the system effectively. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150 and 49.17.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), {WAC 296-54-607, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-99002

Appendix I--Figure 2--High lead yarding system.

WAC 296-54-99002, Figure 2 880

Figure 2. [Order 72-14, Figure 2 (codified as WAC 296-54-99002), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.]

WAC 296-54-99003

Appendix I--Figure 3--North Bend yarding system.

WAC 296-54-99003, Figure 3790

Figure 3. [Order 72-14, Figure 3 (codified as WAC 296-54-99003), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.]

WAC 296-54-99004

Appendix I--Figure 4--Slack skyline yarding system.

WAC 296-54-99004, Figure 4970

Figure 4. [Order 72-14, Figure 4 (codified as WAC 296-54-99004), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.]

WAC 296-54-99007

Appendix I--Figure 7--Heel boom loading.

WAC 296-54-99007, Figure 71010

Figure 7. [Order 72-14, Figure 7 (codified as WAC 296-54-99007), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.]

WAC 296-54-99008

Appendix I--Figure 8--Guyline loading.

WAC 296-54-99008, Figure 8880

Figure 8. [Order 72-14, Figure 8 (codified as WAC 296-54-99008), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.]

WAC 296-54-99009

Appendix I--Figure 9--Hayrack boom loading.

WAC 296-54-99009, Figure 9700

Figure 9. [Order 72-14, Figure 9 (codified as WAC 296-54-99009), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.]

WAC 296-54-99010

Appendix I--Figure 10--Spreader bar loading.

WAC 296-54-99010, Figure 10750

Figure 10. [Order 72-14, Figure 10 (codified as WAC 296-54-99010), filed 7/31/72, effective 9/1/72.]

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